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Which mechanisms may be used to reverse a high NADH:NAD* ratio in the cytosol under anaerobic conditions?

Which mechanisms may be used to reverse a high NADH:NAD* ratio in the cytosol under anaerobic conditions?

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...
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**Ethanol Metabolism in the Liver** This image demonstrates two main pathways of ethanol metabolism, highlighting the processes occurring in the cytosol and mitochondrion. **Cytosol:** - **Pathway 1: Major pathway of ethanol metabolism in the liver** - Ethanol (\( \text{CH}_3\text{CH}_2\text{OH} \)) is converted to acetaldehyde (\( \text{CH}_3\text{CHO} \)) through the action of Alcohol Dehydrogenase (ADH). - This reaction involves the reduction of NAD\(^+\) to NADH, releasing a proton (H\(^+\)). **Pathway 2: Microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS)** - Ethanol is also metabolized by CYP2E1, generating NADP\(^+\), NADPH, and water (\( 2\text{H}_2\text{O} \)). **Mitochondrion:** - Acetaldehyde (\( \text{CH}_3\text{CHO} \)) is further oxidized to acetate (\( \text{CH}_3\text{COOH} \)) by Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH). - This reaction also reduces NAD\(^+\) to NADH, adding another proton (H\(^+\)). - Acetate is then converted to water (\( \text{H}_2\text{O} \)). **Note:** Excessive alcohol consumption increases the NADH:NAD\(^+\) ratio in the cytosol of hepatocytes.
Transcribed Image Text:**Ethanol Metabolism in the Liver** This image demonstrates two main pathways of ethanol metabolism, highlighting the processes occurring in the cytosol and mitochondrion. **Cytosol:** - **Pathway 1: Major pathway of ethanol metabolism in the liver** - Ethanol (\( \text{CH}_3\text{CH}_2\text{OH} \)) is converted to acetaldehyde (\( \text{CH}_3\text{CHO} \)) through the action of Alcohol Dehydrogenase (ADH). - This reaction involves the reduction of NAD\(^+\) to NADH, releasing a proton (H\(^+\)). **Pathway 2: Microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS)** - Ethanol is also metabolized by CYP2E1, generating NADP\(^+\), NADPH, and water (\( 2\text{H}_2\text{O} \)). **Mitochondrion:** - Acetaldehyde (\( \text{CH}_3\text{CHO} \)) is further oxidized to acetate (\( \text{CH}_3\text{COOH} \)) by Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH). - This reaction also reduces NAD\(^+\) to NADH, adding another proton (H\(^+\)). - Acetate is then converted to water (\( \text{H}_2\text{O} \)). **Note:** Excessive alcohol consumption increases the NADH:NAD\(^+\) ratio in the cytosol of hepatocytes.
**Q7: Which mechanisms may be used to reverse a high NADH:NAD⁺ ratio in the cytosol under anaerobic conditions?** This question focuses on the cellular mechanisms that help maintain the balance between reduced (NADH) and oxidized (NAD⁺) forms of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, particularly when oxygen is scarce. Understanding these processes is crucial for studying cellular respiration and metabolic pathways during anaerobic conditions.
Transcribed Image Text:**Q7: Which mechanisms may be used to reverse a high NADH:NAD⁺ ratio in the cytosol under anaerobic conditions?** This question focuses on the cellular mechanisms that help maintain the balance between reduced (NADH) and oxidized (NAD⁺) forms of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, particularly when oxygen is scarce. Understanding these processes is crucial for studying cellular respiration and metabolic pathways during anaerobic conditions.
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