Which bacterial culture (Lb. plantarum, P. acidilactici, or P. pentosaceus) was most effective against monocytogenes and Salmonella? Explain why. What are the limitations of using an agar disk diffusion assay to assess the effectiveness of an antiseptic, disinfectant, or, in this case, a biological control agent on the growth of bacteria of interest? This image displays a set of petri dish experiments designed to test antibacterial activity. The petri dishes are organized into a grid with three columns and three rows. The columns represent different bacterial pathogens: *Listeria monocytogenes*, *Salmonella*, and *Escherichia coli* O157:H7. The rows represent three different bacterial strains used for testing: *Lactobacillus plantarum*, *Pediococcus acidilactici*, and *Pediococcus pentosaceus*.### Explanation of Each Dish:- **Top Row (L. plantarum):** - *Listeria monocytogenes*: There is a visible inhibition zone around the central colony, measured at 14.2 mm. - *Salmonella*: There is a clear zone of inhibition around the colony, with a measurement of 14.4 mm. - *E. coli O157:H7*: The inhibition zone measures 18.0 mm.- **Middle Row (P. acidilactici):** - *Listeria monocytogenes*: The zone of inhibition measures 12.1 mm. - *Salmonella*: The clear zone around the colony is 10.6 mm wide. - *E. coli O157:H7*: The inhibition zone is noted to be 11.6 mm.- **Bottom Row (P. pentosaceus):** - *Listeria monocytogenes*: The weakest inhibition zone, measuring 3.1 mm. - *Salmonella*: A zone measuring 12.3 mm surrounds the colony. - *E. coli O157:H7*: The inhibition zone here is the largest at 14.5 mm.### Graph and Diagram Explanation:Each petri dish displays a clear central colony with a measurable clear zone surrounding the colony, which indicates the antibacterial effectiveness of the tested strain against each pathogen. The numbers written directly on the dishes represent the diameter of the inhibition zones in millimeters, indicating the degree of antibacterial activity. The grid on the petri dishes aids in the precise measurement of these zones.This experimental setup allows for direct comparison of antibacterial effects between the strains and pathogens, with larger inhibition zones representing greater antibacterial activity.

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Which bacterial culture (Lb. plantarum, P. acidilactici, or P. pentosaceus) was most effective against monocytogenes and Salmonella? Explain why.
What are the limitations of using an agar disk diffusion assay to assess the effectiveness of an antiseptic, disinfectant, or, in this case, a biological control agent on the growth of bacteria of interest?

This image displays a set of petri dish experiments designed to test antibacterial activity. The petri dishes are organized into a grid with three columns and three rows. The columns represent different bacterial pathogens: *Listeria monocytogenes*, *Salmonella*, and *Escherichia coli* O157:H7. The rows represent three different bacterial strains used for testing: *Lactobacillus plantarum*, *Pediococcus acidilactici*, and *Pediococcus pentosaceus*.

### Explanation of Each Dish:

- **Top Row (L. plantarum):**
- *Listeria monocytogenes*: There is a visible inhibition zone around the central colony, measured at 14.2 mm.
- *Salmonella*: There is a clear zone of inhibition around the colony, with a measurement of 14.4 mm.
- *E. coli O157:H7*: The inhibition zone measures 18.0 mm.

- **Middle Row (P. acidilactici):**
- *Listeria monocytogenes*: The zone of inhibition measures 12.1 mm.
- *Salmonella*: The clear zone around the colony is 10.6 mm wide.
- *E. coli O157:H7*: The inhibition zone is noted to be 11.6 mm.

- **Bottom Row (P. pentosaceus):**
- *Listeria monocytogenes*: The weakest inhibition zone, measuring 3.1 mm.
- *Salmonella*: A zone measuring 12.3 mm surrounds the colony.
- *E. coli O157:H7*: The inhibition zone here is the largest at 14.5 mm.

### Graph and Diagram Explanation:

Each petri dish displays a clear central colony with a measurable clear zone surrounding the colony, which indicates the antibacterial effectiveness of the tested strain against each pathogen. The numbers written directly on the dishes represent the diameter of the inhibition zones in millimeters, indicating the degree of antibacterial activity. The grid on the petri dishes aids in the precise measurement of these zones.

This experimental setup allows for direct comparison of antibacterial effects between the strains and pathogens, with larger inhibition zones representing greater antibacterial activity.

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Bacteria are prokaryotic organisms that may be pathogenic in nature. The cells are devoid of cellular organelles like golgi bodies and endoplasmic reticulum. The bacterial cells lack a true nucleus, the one with a nuclear membrane. They reproduce by asexual reproduction, like budding. Antibiotic susceptibility refers to the condition in which the bacteria is susceptible to certain antibiotics.

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