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- How can behaviors be adaptive? Provide an example that includes support from the five tenants of evolution by natural selection: 1) overproduction of offspring, 2) variation in the population, 3) competition for resources, 4) adaptive advantage for some, and 5) reproduction for those who surviveDefine natural selection using the 5 points below to explain its role in understanding primate behavior. (1) there is variation among individuals; (2) some of that variation is heritable; (3) there is always competition between individuals for resources; (4) some variants outcompete other variants and leave more offspring; (5) to the extent that the parent's traits are heritable, then a larger portion of the next generation will reflect those traits.Animals have evolved a range of strategies to successfully respond to threats and challenges. One of these strategies is the ability to learn. As we discussed, not every animal can learn and there are clear costs and benefits to this strategy. Suggest one benefit of the ability to learn and one potential cost. Briefly explain each. (1-2 sentences for each) Since learning is not universal, under which circumstances would it be most likely be a successful strategy? We discussed a framework that examines the influence of predictability on the success of learning ability. Describe this framework. Make sure you discuss all the available conditions and clearly state under which we would expect learning to be successful and where we would not expect it to be successful. What would be an alternative strategy to regulate behaviour when learning is not suitable? Briefly explain your choice. (2-3 sentences)
- Using the concept of inclusive fitness (and kin selection), explain how altruistic behavior (e.g. where an individual protects for another, even at their own expense) can evolve by natural selection? Make sure to explain what inclusive fitness is. (remember the concentric circles on the slide)Which one of the three possible results of natural selection does this experiment demonstrate and what was the most powerful selective pressure; camouflage or mates?The Nopoli rock-climbing goby uses mouthparts modified into a sucker to climb up waterfalls as tall as 330 feet. It also uses this sucker to scrape food off surfaces. Which of the following statements would be TRUE if we were to call the sucker an adaptation for climbing? The sucker evolved originally under selection for its feeding function and was later coopted for climbing. The sucker evolved originally under selection for its climbing function and was later coopted for feeding. The sucker evolved originally due to drift and was later coopted for feeding.
- How does group selection theory explain the altruistic behavior of animals and why is this explanation problematic for advocates of inclusive fitness theory?Which of the following statement(s) about adaptations is true? “Adaptation” is another word for “acclimatization.” or They are traits that confer increased fitness in a given environment.In the eclectus parrot (Eclectus roratus), mothers sometimes take parental favoritism to extreme lengths by killing their sons, but never their daughters (Heinsohn et al. 2011). Sex-specific infanticide occurs more often at nests that can be flooded during the rainy season. Sons spend longer in the nest than daughters. Link this factor to why it might be adaptive for a parent parrot to kill a son in a vulnerable nest occupied by offspring of both sexes. Don't write from any online source..
- Which of these interactions are examples of sexual selection? Select all that apply. A change in food resources on an island favors finches with medium-sized beaks. Finches with small and large beaks disappear from the island after a few generations. Female flies prefer to mate with males that have longer eyestalks. These eyestalks provide no survival advantage, but longer eyestalks become more common over generations. Male seals compete for territory and access to clusters of female seals. The more aggressive male seals tend to secure the largest territories and clusters.Which of these interactions are examples of sexual selection? Select all that apply. - Female flies prefer to mate with males that have longer eyestalks. These eyestalks provide no survival advantage, but longer eyestalks become more common over generations. -Male seals compete for territory and access to clusters of female seals. The more aggressive male seals tend to secure the largest territories and clusters. -A change in food resources on an island favors finches with medium-sized beaks. Finches with small and large beaks disappear from the island after a few generations. -Green butterflies are less likely to be eaten than yellow butterflies due to their color. Green butterflies become more numerous than yellow butterflies in the population.(D) How does kin selection lead to the successful evolution of this social behavior? (E) Is eusocial behavior dependent on kin selection and if so why?