Consider a reducer with inlet and outlet diameters of D1 and D2, respectively. The respective velocities are U1 and U2, as shown below. The fluid of density, ρ exits at an angle θ with respect to the horizontal plane. The input is along the horizontal plane. Assume no viscous effects, i.e., μ = 0. Calculate the (i) vertical, and (ii) horizontal forces to hold the reducer stationary. Consider the following: • Mass balance • Energy balance • Momentum balance in horizontal direction • Momentum balance in vertical direction

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Fluid Dynamics

The study of the flow of gases and liquids, usually in and around solid surfaces, is known as fluid dynamics in physics and engineering. Fluid dynamics, for example, can be used to evaluate the movement of air through an airplane wing or the surface of a vehicle. It can also be used in ship design to increase the speed at which ships pass through water.