When toluene is sulfonated (concentrated H₂SO4) at room temperature, predominantly (about 95% of the total) ortho and para substitution occurs. If elevated temperatures (150-200°C) and longer reaction times are employed, meta (chiefly) and para substitution account for some 95% of the products. Account for these differences in terms of kinetic and thermodynamic pathways. At the lower temperature, the reaction is observed. At higher temperatures, the reaction is be reached, the most stable isomer, controlled, and the usual o/p directive effects of the -CH3 group are controlled. At reaction times long enough for equilibrium to , is the principal product.

When toluene is sulfonated (concentrated H₂SO4) at room temperature, predominantly (about 95% of the total) ortho and para substitution occurs. If elevated temperatures (150-200°C) and longer reaction times are employed, meta (chiefly) and para substitution account for some 95% of the products. Account for these differences in terms of kinetic and thermodynamic pathways. At the lower temperature, the reaction is observed. At higher temperatures, the reaction is be reached, the most stable isomer, controlled, and the usual o/p directive effects of the -CH3 group are controlled. At reaction times long enough for equilibrium to , is the principal product.

Chemistry

10th Edition

ISBN:9781305957404

Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste

Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste

Chapter1: Chemical Foundations

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...

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