When toluene is sulfonated (concentrated H₂SO4) at room temperature, predominantly (about 95% of the total) ortho and para substitution occurs. If elevated temperatures (150-200°C) and longer reaction times are employed, meta (chiefly) and para substitution account for some 95% of the products. Account for these differences in terms of kinetic and thermodynamic pathways. At the lower temperature, the reaction is observed. At higher temperatures, the reaction is be reached, the most stable isomer, controlled, and the usual o/p directive effects of the -CH3 group are controlled. At reaction times long enough for equilibrium to , is the principal product.

When toluene is sulfonated (concentrated H₂SO4) at room temperature, predominantly (about 95% of the total) ortho and para substitution occurs. If elevated temperatures (150-200°C) and longer reaction times are employed, meta (chiefly) and para substitution account for some 95% of the products. Account for these differences in terms of kinetic and thermodynamic pathways. At the lower temperature, the reaction is observed. At higher temperatures, the reaction is be reached, the most stable isomer, controlled, and the usual o/p directive effects of the -CH3 group are controlled. At reaction times long enough for equilibrium to , is the principal product.

Chemistry

10th Edition

ISBN:9781305957404

Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste

Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste

Chapter1: Chemical Foundations

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...

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Concept explainers

Reactions of Ethers

Ethers (R-O-R’) are compounds formed by replacing hydrogen atoms of an alcohol (R-OH compound) or a phenol (C6H5OH) by an aryl/ acyl group (functional group after removing single hydrogen from an aromatic ring). In this section, reaction, preparation and behavior of ethers are discussed in the context of organic chemistry.

Epoxides

Epoxides are a special class of cyclic ethers which are an important functional group in organic chemistry and generate reactive centers due to their unusual high reactivity. Due to their high reactivity, epoxides are considered to be toxic and mutagenic.

Williamson Ether Synthesis

An organic reaction in which an organohalide and a deprotonated alcohol forms ether is known as Williamson ether synthesis. Alexander Williamson developed the Williamson ether synthesis in 1850. The formation of ether in this synthesis is an SN2 reaction.

Question

Current Attempt in Progress
When toluene is sulfonated (concentrated H₂SO4) at room temperature, predominantly (about 95% of the total) ortho and para
substitution occurs. If elevated temperatures (150-200°C) and longer reaction times are employed, meta (chiefly) and para
substitution account for some 95% of the products. Account for these differences in terms of kinetic and thermodynamic pathways.
At the lower temperature, the reaction is
observed. At higher temperatures, the reaction is
be reached, the most stable isomer,
controlled, and the usual o/p directive effects of the -CH3 group are
✓ controlled. At reaction times long enough for equilibrium to
, is the principal product.

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