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- What factors affect the rate of glycogen synthesis following depleting exercise, and what steps can we take to maximize glycogen restoration?Briefly describe the fate of pyruvate in metabolism under anaerobic versus aerobic conditions.Discuss briefly (in less than 100 words) the practice of carbohydrate loading for endurance in aerobic exercise. What is the role of glycogen metabolism (glycogenesis and glycogenolysis) and glycolysis in carbohydrate loading? Why is this practice more productive than usual without carbohydrate loading?
- During the initial phase of exercise, muscles can become hypoxic which leads to the buildup of lactate. a) Fully explain how oxygen shortage can lead to the accumulation of lactate in the muscles. b) Describe how lactate (often seen as a waste product) can produce glucose via gluconeogenesis.What type of regulation would be expected when anaerobic metabolism is occurring in the muscle? Select all that apply. O Activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase O Increased levels of calcium to activate pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase O Phosphorylation of pyruvate dehydrogenase O Inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex O Increased levels of NADH to activate citrate synthase O Increased levels of NADH to inhibit alpha-ketogluterate dehydrogenase complex O Increased levels of acetyl CoA to activate pyruvate carboxylase for gluconeogenesisWhat is the process that sustains the redox balance of glycolysis under aerobic conditions?
- What is the name of the by-product of anaerobic glycolysis that can lead to muscle fatigue and why does this by-product cause muscle fatigue?How many ATP are produced from the complete degradation of G3P using glycerol- three phosphate shuttle?Define Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis. How GLYCOLYSIS and GLUCONEOGENESIS does reciprocally regulated in the body? Explain it.
- Xylulose-5-phosphate is an intermediate in the pentose phosphate pathway (see Figure). As xylulose-5-phosphate levels rise in response to excess glucose shunting through the pentose phosphate pathway, does flux through glycolysis increase or decrease?What is the net gain of ATP molecules derived from thereactions of glycolysis?Describe the metabolic pathway of glycolysis, how lactic acid is produced, and the physiological significance of the lactic acid pathway.