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List (in order) the steps of aerobic respiration when glucose is oxidized as the fuel source and briefly describe what s happening during each step.

List (in order) the steps of aerobic respiration when glucose is oxidized as the fuel source and briefly describe what s happening during each step.

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation
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**Title: Steps of Aerobic Respiration Using Glucose as Fuel** **Introduction:** Aerobic respiration is a crucial metabolic pathway that allows cells to harvest energy from glucose. This process involves several steps, each playing a distinct role in energy extraction. **Step-by-Step Process:** 1. **Glycolysis:** - **Description:** The initial stage of aerobic respiration where one glucose molecule (a six-carbon compound) is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate (a three-carbon compound) in the cytoplasm. This process yields a net gain of two ATP molecules and two NADH molecules. 2. **Pyruvate Oxidation:** - **Description:** This occurs in the mitochondria where each pyruvate molecule is converted into Acetyl-CoA. During this step, one carbon dioxide molecule is released, and NAD+ is reduced to NADH. 3. **Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle):** - **Description:** Acetyl-CoA enters the citric acid cycle, which consists of a series of enzymatic reactions that produce two carbon dioxide molecules, ATP, three NADH, and one FADH2 per Acetyl-CoA. 4. **Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative Phosphorylation:** - **Description:** The NADH and FADH2 produced in previous steps transfer their electrons to the ETC located in the mitochondrial inner membrane. As electrons move through the chain, protons are pumped into the intermembrane space, creating a gradient. ATP synthase uses this gradient to synthesize ATP. Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor, forming water. **Conclusion:** The complete oxidation of one glucose molecule through aerobic respiration produces a theoretical yield of approximately 36-38 ATP molecules, efficiently providing energy necessary for cellular functions.
Transcribed Image Text:**Title: Steps of Aerobic Respiration Using Glucose as Fuel** **Introduction:** Aerobic respiration is a crucial metabolic pathway that allows cells to harvest energy from glucose. This process involves several steps, each playing a distinct role in energy extraction. **Step-by-Step Process:** 1. **Glycolysis:** - **Description:** The initial stage of aerobic respiration where one glucose molecule (a six-carbon compound) is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate (a three-carbon compound) in the cytoplasm. This process yields a net gain of two ATP molecules and two NADH molecules. 2. **Pyruvate Oxidation:** - **Description:** This occurs in the mitochondria where each pyruvate molecule is converted into Acetyl-CoA. During this step, one carbon dioxide molecule is released, and NAD+ is reduced to NADH. 3. **Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle):** - **Description:** Acetyl-CoA enters the citric acid cycle, which consists of a series of enzymatic reactions that produce two carbon dioxide molecules, ATP, three NADH, and one FADH2 per Acetyl-CoA. 4. **Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative Phosphorylation:** - **Description:** The NADH and FADH2 produced in previous steps transfer their electrons to the ETC located in the mitochondrial inner membrane. As electrons move through the chain, protons are pumped into the intermembrane space, creating a gradient. ATP synthase uses this gradient to synthesize ATP. Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor, forming water. **Conclusion:** The complete oxidation of one glucose molecule through aerobic respiration produces a theoretical yield of approximately 36-38 ATP molecules, efficiently providing energy necessary for cellular functions.
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