What's the answer to #1 on p. 883 in thinking about the text [880][882]READINGS"along a way of life" as a mere "carrying across, from location to location, ofpeople and goods in such a way as to leave their basic natures unaffected."In transport, the traveler doesn't actually move in any meaningful way."Rather, he is moved, becoming a passenger in his own body."um in ouhadWayfaring is messier and less efficient than transport, which is why 10e a mobile phone withit has become a target for automation. "If you have alutive in Google'sGoogle Maps," says Michael Jones, an executive in Google's mapping divi-and havesion, "you can go anywhere on the planet and have confidence that we canand safely and easily."t to where you want to go safely that certgive you directions toto get to wieresult, he declares, "No human ever has to feel lost again." That certainlysounds appealing, a, as if some basic problem in our existence had been solvedforever. And it fits the Silicon Valley obsession with using software to ridpeople's lives of "friction." But the more you think about it, the more yourealizethat to never confront the possibility of getting lost is to live in anot know-state of perpetual dislocation. If you never have to worry about noting where you are, then you never have to know where you are. It is also towww.you are.live in a state of dependency, a ward of your phone and its apps.utProblems produce friction in our lives, but friction can act as a catalyst,pushing us to a fuller awareness and deeper understanding of our situation."When we circumvent, by whatever means, the demand a place makes of usto find our way through it," the writer Ari Schulman observed in his 2011New Atlantis essay "GPS and the End of the Road," we end up foreclosing "thebest entry we have into inhabiting that place-and, by extension, to reallybeing anywhere at all."We may foreclose other things as well. Neuroscientists have made aseries of breakthroughs i understanding how the brain perceives and re-members space ands space and location, and the discoveries underscore the elementalrole that navigation plays in the workings of mind and memory..In a 2013 article in Nature Neuroscience, Edvard Moser and his colleagueGyörgy Buzsáki provided extensive experimental evidence that "the neu-ronal mechanisms that evolved to define the spatial relationship amonglandmarks can also serve to embody associations among objects, events andother types of factual information." Out of such associations we weave thememories of our lives. It may well be that the brain's navigational sense-its7. Tim Ingold, Being Alive: Essays on Movement, Knowledge and Description (London: Routledge,2011), 149-152. The emphasis is Ingold's.8. Quoted in James Fallows, "The Places You'll Go," Atlantic, January/February 2013.9. Ari N. Schulman, "GPS and the End of the Road," New Atlantis, Spring 2011.READINGS∞THE FLORIDA MALLDillard'sA smartphone displays an indoor map of the Florida Mall.Even if we routinely use GPS devices when driving and walking out 15doors, it's been suggested, we'll still have to rely on our own minds to getaround when we're walking through buildings and other places that GPSsignals can't reach. The mental exercise of indoor navigation, the theorygoes, may help protect the functioning of our hippocampus and related neu-ral circuits. While that argument may have been reassuring a few years ago,it is less so today. Hungry for more data on people's whereabouts and eagerfor more opportunities to distribute advertising and other messages keyedto their location, software and smartphone companies are rushing to ex-tend the scope of theire of their compmalls, and office build:puter-mapping tools to indoor areas like airports,Indoor mapping promises to ratchet up our dependence on computernavigation andation and further limit our opportunities for getting around on ourown. Should personal head-up displays, such as Google Glass, come intowide use, we would always have easy and immediate access to turn-by-turninstructions. We'd receive, as Google's Michael Jones puts it, "a continuousstream of guidance," directing us everywhere we want to go." Google andMercedes-Benz are already collaborating on an app that will link a Glassheadset to a driver's in-dash GPS unit, enabling what the carmaker calls"door-to-door navigation." With the GPS goddess whispering in our ear, or16. Quoted in Fallows, "Places You'll Go."17. Damon Lavrinc, "Mercedes Is Testing Google Glass Integration, and It Actually Works,"Wired, August 15, 2013, wired.com/autopia/2013/08/google-glass-mercedes-benz/.Carr/World and Screenancient, intricate way of plotting and recording movement through space-is the evolutionary font of all memory.20theirtheirthevigationalWhat's more than a little scary is what happens when that font goesdry. Our spatial sense tends to deteriorate as we get older, and in theworst cases we lose it altogether." One of the earliest and most debilitat-ing symptoms of dementia, including Alzheimer's disease, is hippocam-pal and entorhinal degeneration and the consequent loss of locationalmemory, Victims begin to forget where they are. Véronique Bohbot, aresearch psychiatrist andt and memoryexpert at McGill University in Mon-treal, has conducted studies demonstrating that the way people exercisenavigationalI skills influences the functioning and even the sizesize ofthe hippocampus-and may provide protection aagainst the cthe deteriorationof maceof memory. The harder people work atwors at buniding cognitivemaps of space,the stronger their underlying memory circuits seem to become. Theyactuallytually grow gray matter in the hippocampus-a a phenomenon docu-mented in London cab drivers-in a way that's analogous to theof muscle mass through physical eto the buildingexertion. But when theysimply: followturn-by-turn instructions in "a robotic fashion," Bohbot warns, they don't"stimulate tir hippocampus" and as a result may leave themselves moresusceptible to memory loss." Bohbot worries that, should the hippocam-pus begin to atrophy from a lack of use in navigation, the result could be ageneral loss of memory and a growing risk of dementia. "Society is gearedin many ways toward shrinking the hippocampus," she told an interviewer."In the next twenty years, I think we're going to see dementia occurringearlier and earlier."15cantheir10. György Buzsáki and Edvard I. Moser, "Memory, Navigation and Theta Rhythm in theHippocampal-Entorhinal System," Nature Neuroscience 16, no. 2 (2013): 130-138. See alsoNeil Burgess et al., "Memory for Events and Their Spatial Context: Models and Experiments,"in Alan Baddeley et al., eds., Episodic Memory: New Directions in Research (New York: OxfordUniversity Press, 2002), 249-268.11. See, for example, Jan M. Wiener et al., "Maladaptive Bias for Extrahippocampal NavigationStrategies in Aging Humans," Journal of Neuroscience 33, no. 14 (2013): 6012-6017.12. See, for example, A. T. Du et al., "Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Entorhinal Cortex andHippocampus in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease," Journal of Neurology,Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 71 (2001): 441-447.13. Kyoko Konishi and Véronique D. Bohbot, "Spatial Navigational Strategies Correlate withGray Matter in the Hippocampus of Healthy Older Adults Tested in a Virtual Maze," Frontiersin Aging Neuroscience 5 (2013): 1-8.14. Email from Véronique Bohbot to author, June 4, 2010.15. Quoted in Alex Hutchinson, "Global Impositioning Systems," Walrus, November 2009.Carr / World and Screenbeaming her signals onto our retinas, we'll rarely, if ever, have to exerciseour mental mapping skills.Bohbot and other researchers emphasize that more research needs tobe done before we'll know for sure whether long-term use of GPS devicesweakens memory and raises the risk of senility. But given all we've learnedabout the close links between navigation, the hippocampus, and memory,it is entirely plausible that avoiding the work of figuring out where we areand where we're going may have unforeseen and less-than-salubrious con-sequences. Because memory is what enables us not only to recall past eventsbut to respond intelligently to present events and plan for future ones, anydegradation in its functioning would tend to diminish the quality of ourlives.Through hundreds of thousands of years, evolution has fit our bodiesand minds to the environment. We've been formed by being, to appropriatea couple of lines from the poet Wordsworth,Rolled round in earth's diurnal course,With rocks, and stones, and trees.The automation of wayfinding distances us from the environment thatshaped us. It encourages us to observe and manipulate symbols on screensrather than attend to real things in real places. The labors our obliging digi-tal deities would have us see as mere drudgery may turn out to be vital toour fitness, happiness, and well-being. So Who cares? probably isn't the rightquestion. What we should be asking ourselves is, How far from the world dowe want to retreat?Thinking about the Text1. Nicholas Carr argues that satellite navigation systems are "not designed todeepen our involvement with our surroundings" (2). What does he mean bythat? SUMMARIZE his argument. Is it persuasive? Why or why not?2. Although it is still a matter of speculation, how might the long-term use of aGPS device contribute to the development of dementia in later life, accordingto Carr? What does he say happens in the brain? EVALUATE the EVIDENCEthat Carr presents for what he says. Does it seem reliable? Explain.[881][883] [874][878]NicholasCarrcites aninterestingmix ofscholarlyand popularsources. Forsome tipson findingsources, seeCh. 21.READINGS4. A good narrative includes DESCRIPTIVE details that make the story comealive. What part of Canedy's narrative touched you the deepest? Why? De-scribe your reaction.5. At some time in our lives, we've all had a run-in with some form of authority.Think of a frightening or otherwise memorable encounter with an authorityfigure. In what ways did your skin color, gender, stature, dress, or other factorsin how you look or present yourself affect that encounter? Did any character-istics work in your favor or against you-and if so, how? Write a brief NAR-RATIVE of the encounter as you remember it, reflecting in particular on howyour physical presence affects your life.READINGStional sense is actually sharpest when they're facing north-the same waymaps point.³ Paper maps don't just shepherd us from one place to the next;they teach us how to think about space.The maps generated by satellite-linked computers are different. Theyusually provide meager spatial information and few navigational cues. In-stead of requiring us to puzzle out where we are in an area, a GPS deviceДsimply sets us at the center of the map and then makes the world circulatearound us. In this miniature parody of the pre-Copernican universe, we canget around without needing to know where we are, where we've been, orwhich direction we're heading. We just need an address or an intersection,the name of a building or a shop, to cue the device's calculations. Julia Fran-kenstein, a German cognitive psychologist who studies the mind's naviga-tional sense, believes it's likely that "the more we rely on tyon technology to findour way, the less we build up our cognitive maps." Because computer navi-gation systems provide only "bare-bones route information, without thespatial context of the whole area," she explains, our brains don't receive theraw material required to form rich memories of places. "Developing a a cogni-tive map from this reduced information is a bit like trying to get an entiremusical piece from a few notes."Other scientists agree. A British study found that drivers using papermaps developed stronger memories of routes and landmarks than did thoserelying on turn-by-turn instructions from satellite systems. After complet-ing a trip, the map users were able to sketch more precise and detailed dia-grams of their routes. The findings, reported the researchers, "provide strongevidence that the use of a vehicle navigation system will impact negativelyon the formation of drivers' cognitive maps." A study of drivers conductedat the University of Utah found evidence of "inattentional blindness" in GPSusers, which impaired their "wayfinding performance" and their ability toform visual memories of their surroundings....3. Julia Frankenstein et al., "Is the Map in Our Head Oriented North?," Psychological Science 23,no. 2 (2012): 120-125.4. Julia Frankenstein, "Is GPS All in Our Heads?," New York Times, February 2, 2012.5. Gary E. Burnett and Kate Lee, "The Effect of Vehicle Navigation Systems on the Formation.of Cognitive Maps," in Geoffrey Underwood, ed., Traffic and Transport Psychology: Theory andApplication (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2005), 407-418.6. Elliot P. Fenech et al., "The Effects of Acoustic Turn-by-Turn Navigation on Wayfinding."Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 54, no. 23 (2010):1926-1930.World and ScreenNICHOLAS CARRandcoveryHE WORLD is a strange, changeable, and dangerous place. Gettingphysical. For ages, human beings have been creating tools to reduce thestrain of travel. History is, among other things, a record of the discoveryof ingenious new ways to ease our passage through our environs, to makeit possible to cross greater and more daunting distances without gettinglost, roughed up, or eaten. Simple maps and trail markers came first, thenstar maps and nautical charts and terrestrial globes, then instruments likesounding weights, quadrants, astrolabes, compasses, octants and sextants,telescopes, hourglasses, and chronometers. Lighthouses were erected alongshorelines, buoys set in coastal waters. Roads were paved, signs posted,highways linked and numbered. It has, for most of us, been a long time sincewe've had to rely on our wits to get around.GPS receivers and other automated mapping and direction-plotting de-vices are the latest additions to our navigational toolkit. They also give theNICHOLAS CARR is the author of The Shallows: What the Internet Is Doing to OurBrains (2011) and Utopia Is Creepy (2016). His books about technology, economy.and culture have sparked much conversation those topics, and the catchphrase"Is Google Making Us Stupid?" comes from his 2008 essay in the Atlantic. He blogsat roughtype.com and tweets from @roughtype. This essay comes from his bookThe Glass Cage: Automation and Us (2014).[875]Carr / World and ScreenWhich raises the obvious question: Who cares? As long as we arrive at ourdestination, does it really matter whether we maintain our navigationalsense or offload it to a machine? An Inuit elder on Igloolik may have goodreason to bemoan the adoption of GPS technology as a cultural tragedy, butthose of us living in lands crisscrossed by well-marked roads and furnishedwith gas stations, motels, and 7-Elevens long ago lost both the custom ofand the capacity for prodigious feats of wayfinding. Our ability to perceiveand interpret topography, especially in its natural state, is already much re-duced. Paring it away further, or dispensing with it altogether, doesn't seemlike such a big deal, particularly if in exchange we get an easier go of it.But while we may no longer have much of a cultural stake in the conservation of our navigationalhave moremal ataof our navigational prowess, still have a personal stake in it.We are, after all, creatures of the earth. We're not abstract dots proceedingave a personalalong g thin blue lines on computer screens. We're real beings in real bodiesn real places. Getting to know a place takes effort, but it ends in fulfillmentand in knowledge. It provides a sense of personal accomplishment and au-tonomy, and it also provides a sense of belonging, a feeling of being at h homein a place rather than passing through it. Whether practiced by a caribouhunter on an ice floe or a bargain hunter on an urban street, wayfindingopens a path from alienation to attachment. We may grimace when wehear people talk of "finding themselves," but the figure of speech, howevervain and shopworn, acknowledges our deeply held sense that who we are istangled up in where we are. We can't extract the self from: its surroundings,at least not without leaving something i3 something important behind.A GPS device, by allowing us to get from point A to point B with theleast possible effort and nuisance, can make our lives easier, perhaps imbu-ing us, as David Brooks suggests, with a numb sort of bliss. But what it stealsfrom us, when we turn to it too often, is the joy and satisfaction of appre-hending the world around us-and of making that world a part of us. TimIngold, an anthropologist at the University of Aof Aberdeen in Scotland, drawsa distinction between two very different modes of travel: wayfaring andtransport.in the world." Immersed in the landscape, attuned to its textures and fea-tures, the wayfarer enjoys "an experience of movement in which action andperception are intimately coupled." Wayfaring becomes "an ongoing processof growth and development, or self-renewal." Transport, on the other hand,"essentially destination-oriented." It's not much a process of discoveryWayfaring, he explains, is "our mostis "our most fundamental way of being[879]

Nicholas Carr is an American writer who writes on the topics like technology, business, and culture.…

Answered: What's the answer to #1 on p. 883 in…

Social Science

History

What's the answer to #1 on p. 883 in thinking about the text