Q: How does transcription work around the nucleosomes?
A: Transcription is a process in which a specific part of DNA is copied into mRNA through the enzyme…
Q: Why is it that pre-mRNAs are capped, but tRNAs and rRNAs are not?
A: Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule important in various biological roles such as…
Q: How are amino acids brought to the sites of the cell where translation takes place? What is an…
A: Introduction In this question we will discuss how are amino acids brought to the sites of the cell…
Q: When an intron is undergoing the first step in splicing, where is the first breakage of the…
A: Gene splicing is a post translational process, which is a characteristic of eukaryotes and it…
Q: What is polycistronic mRNA ?
A: Polycistronic mRNA is a characteristic feature of prokaryotes but they are also present in…
Q: What are polycistronic mRNAs?
A: Transcription refers to the process of synthesizing the RNA from the template of DNA…
Q: what is it called when an mRNA is edited and where does it happen?
A: Commonly it’s known that mRNA is produced during the process of transcription which will then go for…
Q: What does a mutation in the DNA do to the mRNA?
A: A mutation is a mistake within the deoxyribonucleic acid sequence of an associate organism.…
Q: If a mutation eliminated the start codon from a gene, howwould the mutation affect transcription,…
A: The mutation is the change or alteration in the nucleotide sequence of the genome. The mutations can…
Q: What are the functions of start and stop codons? Giveexamples.
A: Genetic code is the sequence of nucleotides in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid…
Q: What happens in each stage of translation?
A: The process by which the information contained within a messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) molecule…
Q: Why do Introns in a pre-operational transcript differ in size and number?
A: Introns An intron is any nucleotide sequence within a gene that is removed by RNA splicing to…
Q: Give some points about the flow of information during translation?
A: Translation is the process of protein synthesis from mRNA (Messenger ribonucleic acid) with the help…
Q: What are Cyclin and mRNA? How are they related?
A: Cyclins get their name from the fact that during cell division, they go through a continuous period…
Q: Can exons be non coding?
A: The DNA is the information hub of the cell that contains instructions in the form of genes to…
Q: Is there a start codon instead of AUG? What is its name and what does it encode?
A: A reading frame includes a start codon and a stop codon.
Q: What is the function of a stop codon?
A: Codon -- A codon is a specific type of genetic code which carries certain type of important…
Q: How do bacteria ensure the start codon of the mRNA is positioned properly during translation…
A: The translation is defined as the process that generates a new polypeptide from mRNA with the help…
Q: Define translation process?
A: All the living cells are made up of protein, which acts as building blocks for every organism. These…
Q: How is mRNA edited?
A: RNA or ribonucleic acid is a polymer of ribonucleotides connected together via a phosphodiester…
Q: What Determine the amount of mRNA that is available for translation ?
A: A single-stranded RNA molecule called messenger RNA (mRNA) is complementary to one of a gene's DNA…
Q: What is the mechanism by which a riboswitch regulates translation?
A: Riboswitches are RNA structures that mainly occur in bacteria, but some are also present in archaea,…
Q: Are introns coding or noncoding?
A: Introns and exons are part of the genes. Introns are present in the initial RNA transcript known as…
Q: What is the “second genetic code”?
A: The genetic code is the set of rules used by living cells to translate information encoded within…
Q: How does the ribosome know where to start translating?
A: Protein synthesis uses more energy from a cell than any other biochemical mechanism. Proteins…
Q: What are the three stages of translation? Discuss the main events that occur during these three…
A: A protein is an important functional biomolecule. The process of synthesis of protein from a…
Q: In bacterial cells, translation can begin before transcription of a gene is complete. Can this…
A: Transcription can be defined as the process in which RNA is formed from the DNA. The RNA is a…
Q: What's the root word in translation and what does it mean? Whats the root word in transcription and…
A: Prior to the cell divisions the prepare for the karyokines (that is division of the nucleus). In…
Q: How many different polypeptides can be producedthrough alternative splicing of the same pre-mRNA?
A: Maturation of eukaryotic mRNA often entails the removal of RNA sequences (introns or intervening…
Q: How does the presence of introns aid exon shuffling?
A: Exon shuffling is a mechanism, where two or more exons from different genes brought together, or…
Q: Why do scientists now believe that AUG is not always the start codon?
A: The start codon is the codon that is translated first for a mRNA transcript. Usually, the most…
Q: what are Pre-mRNAs?
A: RNA is the ribonucleic acid involved in a biological process like gene expression. There are four…
Q: If the base sequence of a segment of a molecule of DNA is changed, will the base sequence of the…
A: The genes are segments of DNA that contain hereditary information. Some part of this gene is…
Q: What causes exon shuffling?
A: Exon shuffling is a molecular mechanism for the formation of new genes. It is a process through…
Q: What role do transposons play in the process of exon shuffling?
A: Introduction Transposons are the short highly repeated DNA sequence present in heterochromatic…
Q: When translation begins, the first amino acid heads to the small subunit of the ribosome. What…
A: The translation is a process in molecular biology whereby the cell reads information from messenger…
Q: What is the Evidence that a codon is composed of more than one nucleotide?
A: A codon refers to a specific sequence of deoxy ribonucleotide (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA), which…
Q: What are the codons and "stop" codons?
A: The relationships between codons and amino acids which are also known as stop signals is define as…
Q: What are the four major types of introns?
A: Introns are the non-coding sequence found in the genome. These are nucleotide sequences that do not…
Q: When an intron is undergoing the first step in splicing, where is the first breakage of the…
A: During the first step of splicing, the 2'-OH group on branch point A attacks the phosphoryl group of…
Q: How to know the sequence of all mRNAs ?
A: For the determination of the gene sequence that is based on the template of mRNA, we need to do the…
Q: How termination codon is recognized ?
A: DNA contains both coding and non-coding region where introns are non-coding regions and exons are…
Q: Some mutations that do not alter the identity of the encoded amino acid lead to diminished…
A: A mutation is an alteration in the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or…
Q: How do sRNAs alter the translation of target mRNAs?
A: Introduction: Small RNAs or sRNAs produced by bacteria are 50-500 long nucleotide sequences that are…
Q: Do rRNA and tRNA complementary base pair during prokaryotic protein synthesis? What about mRNA with…
A: Translation is the process which is responsible for protein synthesis. It takes places in the…
Q: What is a polycistronic mRNA? How are polycistronic mRNAs formed?
A: Answer:Introduction: Polycistronic mRNA means messenger RNA means mRNA containing data for the…
Q: Name the two initiating codons?
A: From the central dogma concept, we knew there is an intricate connection between genes and synthesis…
Q: What is exon shuffling?
A: Introduction A genome is consists of transcriptionally active genes. These genes form mRNA as they…
Q: Is there any function for an intron?
A: DNA is the genetic material that carries genetic information in the form of coded nucleotide…
Q: How mRNAs are often translated immediately and degraded ?
A: RNA is the short form for Ribonucleic acid, and it is an important biological macromolecule found in…
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- Which statement is false: A) Each type of protein ( ex: hemoglobin vs trypsionngen) varies in the length and amino acid sequence of its peptide B) After the rpocess of transcription is complete, the mRNA that is produced will continue being tranlsated by ribosomes for the rest of the cells life. mRNA never breaks down C) A ribosome will bind to an mRNA and will translate the sequence by reading one codon at a time and adding one amino acid to the peptide chain. It will stop the translation once it encounters a stop codon D) The gene for a protein provides the information on the legth of the peptide, along w the amino acid sequence so the protein can be synthesized by a ribosome E) Once mRNA has left the nucleus, ribosomes will bind to it and will follow the instructions in its sequence to make the new protienIf the mRNA transcribed for this gene will be translated into a functional protein, how many amino acids will be used to build the polypeptide chain? what is the amino acid coded by the 25th codon? what is the amino acid coded by the last codon?Why does translation need to happen
- How do the stop codons UAA, UAG, and UGA know to form? What if a protein stops synthesizing too early or too late?After the intron (which is in a lariat configuration) is released during pre-mRNA splicing, a brief moment occurs before the two exons are connected to each other. Which snRNP(s) hold(s) the exons in place so they can be covalently connected to each other?What could be the effect of a deletion, substitution or addition that alters the sequence of the stop codons?
- The following is as segment of mRNA: 5'-UCGGAAUGUGGUGGCAUACAGGCUUACAGAACUAAGUCUGAGAAU-3' A. How many amino acids long will be the protein translated from the only reading frame available in this segment? B. If a mutation changes the third letter of the stop codon in the only reading frame available in this segment, how many amino acids long will be the protein translated?Which of the following introns have self-splicing activity?a) Group I and group IIb) Group II and group IIIc) Group III and group IVd) Group I and group IIIA segment of mRNA produced by the normal order of DNA nucleotides and the corresponding amino acid chain are given below: mRNA segment: GCC UAC AAU GCG Amino acid chain: Ala-Tyr-Asn-Ala Knowing that insertion mutations shift the triplets by one base, if an insertion mutation adds a U to the beginning of that mRNA segment, what will be the new triplet/codon grouping and the new amino acid chain? Group of answer choices a. U GCC UAC AAU GCG; Ala-Tyr-Asn-Ala b. UCC UAC AAU GCG; Ser-Leu-Gln-Cys c. UGC CUA CAA UGC G; Cys-Leu-Gln-Cys d. UGC CUA CAA UGC G; Ala-Tyr-Asn-Ala e. UGCC UAC AAU GCG; Cys-Tyr-Asn-Ala
- A codon for leucine is UUA. A mutation causing a single-base substitution in a gene can change this codon in the transcribed mRNA into GUA (valine), AUA (isoleucine), CUA (leucine), UGA (stop), UAA (stop), UCA (serine), UUG (leucine), UUC (phenylalanine), or UUU (phenylalanine). According to the neutral theory of evolution, which of these mutations would you expect to be the most likely to be found within a natural population? Explain.If the codon AAA is mutated to AAG, it still codes for the amino acid, lysine, and the protein remains functionally the same; which of the following would best describe the result of this mutation? 1) frameshift mutation. O 2) insertion mutation. O 3) silent mutation. 4) nonsense mutation. O 5) back mutation.How does the presence of introns aid exon shuffling?
