## TCP Header### Diagram ExplanationThe image depicts the structure of a TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) header, which consists of several fields with specific functions. The header is typically 20 bytes long, but can be longer if options are used. The fields are represented in rows, starting with the source and destination ports, followed by other key fields like sequence number and acknowledgment number. Here's a detailed explanation:- **Source Port & Destination Port (Bytes 0-3):** Indicate the sending and receiving ports for data transfer. - **Sequence Number (Bytes 4-7):** Used to keep track of data segments.- **Acknowledgment Number (Bytes 8-11):** Confirms receipt of data.- **Offset, Reserved, Flags (Bytes 12-13):** Offset indicates the start of data, reserved bits are unused, and flags control data flow and connection state.- **Window Size (Bytes 14-15):** Specifies the size of the sender’s receive window (flow control).- **Checksum (Bytes 16-17):** Used for error-checking the header and data.- **Urgent Pointer (Bytes 18-19):** Points to the urgent data in the packet.- **TCP Options (Optional, variable length):** Additional options for TCP connection management.### TCP Flags- **CWR (Congestion Window Reduced)**- **ECE (ECN Echo)**- **Urg (Urgent Pointer field significant)**- **Ack (Acknowledgment field significant)**- **Psh (Push function)**- **Rst (Reset the connection)**- **Syn (Synchronize sequence numbers)**- **Fin (No more data from sender)**### Congestion Notification- **ECN (Explicit Congestion Notification):** Uses bits for indicating congestion status and response.### TCP Options- **0:** End of Options List- **1:** No Operation (NOP, Pad)- **2:** Maximum segment size- **3:** Window Scale- **4:** Selective ACK ok- **8:** Timestamp### Offset- Indicates the number of 32-bit words in TCP header.- Multiply by 4 to get byte count.### RFC 793- Reference for TCP Specification.### Quiz**All answers should be in lower case****What three fields guarantee successful data transmission and data integrity within the TCP header?**

TCP stands for Transmission control protocol, it is reliable and connection oriented transport layer…

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What three fields guarantee successful data transmission and data integrity within the TCP header? Field 1 = Field 2 = Field 3 =

Database System Concepts

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Concept explainers

Types Of Protocols

A network protocol is a collection of rules that governs the exchange of data between devices connected to the same network. In other words, network protocols are rules that specify how devices communicate or transfer data over a network. The sender and receiver systems must obey the standards to facilitate communication between them.

Question

## TCP Header

### Diagram Explanation

The image depicts the structure of a TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) header, which consists of several fields with specific functions. The header is typically 20 bytes long, but can be longer if options are used. The fields are represented in rows, starting with the source and destination ports, followed by other key fields like sequence number and acknowledgment number. Here's a detailed explanation:

- **Source Port & Destination Port (Bytes 0-3):** Indicate the sending and receiving ports for data transfer.

- **Sequence Number (Bytes 4-7):** Used to keep track of data segments.

- **Acknowledgment Number (Bytes 8-11):** Confirms receipt of data.

- **Offset, Reserved, Flags (Bytes 12-13):** Offset indicates the start of data, reserved bits are unused, and flags control data flow and connection state.

- **Window Size (Bytes 14-15):** Specifies the size of the sender’s receive window (flow control).

- **Checksum (Bytes 16-17):** Used for error-checking the header and data.

- **Urgent Pointer (Bytes 18-19):** Points to the urgent data in the packet.

- **TCP Options (Optional, variable length):** Additional options for TCP connection management.

### TCP Flags

- **CWR (Congestion Window Reduced)**
- **ECE (ECN Echo)**
- **Urg (Urgent Pointer field significant)**
- **Ack (Acknowledgment field significant)**
- **Psh (Push function)**
- **Rst (Reset the connection)**
- **Syn (Synchronize sequence numbers)**
- **Fin (No more data from sender)**

### Congestion Notification

- **ECN (Explicit Congestion Notification):** Uses bits for indicating congestion status and response.

### TCP Options

- **0:** End of Options List
- **1:** No Operation (NOP, Pad)
- **2:** Maximum segment size
- **3:** Window Scale
- **4:** Selective ACK ok
- **8:** Timestamp

### Offset

- Indicates the number of 32-bit words in TCP header.
- Multiply by 4 to get byte count.

### RFC 793

- Reference for TCP Specification.

### Quiz

**All answers should be in lower case**

**What three fields guarantee successful data transmission and data integrity within the TCP header?**

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If the TCP and IP headers contain no options, what will the MTU be given a MSS value of 492?
Suppose the sequence number field on a TCP packet is 46005. The packet carries 102 bytes of (application-layer) data. The TCP header size on this packet is 20 bytes. (a) What is the sequence number of the last application byte contained in the packet above? (b) What is the value of the acknowledgment number field on the ACK that the receiver generates for the packet above? (c) Do you have sufficient information in this question to determine the value of the sequence number field of the ACK packet that the receiver generates for the packet above? If so, what is the sequence number? If not, why not? (d) If the size of the TCP header were larger (e.g., 24 bytes, due to additional TCP options), would your answers to parts (a)–(c) change? Why or why not?
So what might possibly happen to a message if it is sent over a shaky TCP connection, and how are these issues handled?
13. The following figures plot the timeline for sending TCP segments by host A and TCP ACKS by host B, where “seq #” is the value of the sequence number in the TCP header, and "ACK #” is the value of the acknowledge number in the TCP header. Assume that every segment always includes 500 bytes of data, excluding the TCP header. A seg #: 1000 seq #: 1500 seq #: 2000 seq #: 2500 (1) B ACK #: a ACK #: b ACK #: c ACK #: d A seq #: 1000 seq #: 1500 seq #: 2000 seq #: 2500 (2) B ACK #: r ACK #: s TACK 1) In Figure (1), the second ACK sent out by host B gets lost in the network. a) What are the acknowledge numbers a, b, c, and d? b) Will sender A think the segment with seq#=1500 was lost because it never receives the acknowledgement from B containing ACK# = b? 2) In Figure (2), the second TCP segment from host A to host B gets delayed in the network but later arrives at B. What should be the value for the ACK number r, s and t?
Suppose Host A sends two consecutive TCP segments to Host B over a TCP connection. The sequence number of the first segment is 748, and the sequence number of the second one is 995. Determine the size of the payload carried by the first segment. Suppose that the first segment is lost but the second segment arrives at host B. What will be the acknowledgment number of the acknowledgment segment that Host B sends to Host A?