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- The endogenous ligand for an ion channel causes the influx of 50 Na+ ions per second. This ion channel has constitutive activity of 10 Na+ ions per second. If drug A binds to the ion channel and causes the influx of 50 Na+ ions per second, which of the following categories best describes drug A? Group of answer choices full agonist antagonist partial agonist inverse agonistWhat is a brief history of the organic origin of heroin. What are the routes of administration of heroin, and does the action of the drug change to the brain and body due to how its administered?Based on what you have studied in school, how do you believe the application of pharmacology (the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic principles) optimizes drug development (please cite examples from drug FDA website and/or literature)?
- The following dose-response curve depicts the physiological response to a drug or combination of drugs as a function of agonist concentration. First, post an explanation of the different curves noted in regards to the type of each drug administered. There may be more than one answer.The endogenous ligand for an ion channel causes the influx of 50 Na+ ions per second. This ion channel has constitutive activity of 10 Na+ ions per second. If drug A binds to the ion channel and causes the influx of 50 Na+ ions per second, which of the following categories best describes drug A? Group of answer choices full agonist antagonist partial agonist inverse agonistWhat is the definition of a crude drug? Describe the drug's origins.
- Explain what is meant by a drug’s spectrum and how narrow- andbroad-spectrum drugs differ.First, we will build a model for the total amount of drugs in the gut. At time \(t = 0\), \(10mg\) of the drug is present in the gut. From the gut, it passes slowly into the blood. The passage of the drug to the blood has first-order kinetics; that is, every hour \(42\%\) of the drug remaining in the gut is passed from the gut into the blood. No more pills are taken, so no extra drug is added to the gut. Let \(a_t\) be the sequence representing the amount of Adderall XR in the patient’s gut \(t\) hours after the pill was taken. Write down a recursion relation for \(a_t\). Find an explicit formula for \(a_t\). Calculate the time at which the amount of drug remaining in the gut drops to \(1\%\) of its starting value; that is, find \(t\) for which \[a_t = 0.01a_0\] Find \(\lim_{t\to\infty}a_t\), what does it represent? Now let’s build a model for the amount of drug in the patient’s blood. Define another sequence \(b_t\) that represents the amount of Adderall XR in the patient’s…How does the molecular pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenomics give rise to measurable efficacy in a patient?