States of Matter
The substance that constitutes everything in the universe is known as matter. Matter comprises atoms which in turn are composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons. Different atoms combine together to give rise to molecules that act as a foundation for all kinds of substances. There are five states of matter based on their energies of attraction, namely solid, liquid, gases, plasma, and BEC (Bose-Einstein condensates).
Chemical Reactions and Equations
When a chemical species is transformed into another chemical species it is said to have undergone a chemical reaction. It consists of breaking existing bonds and forming new bonds by changing the position of electrons. These reactions are best explained using a chemical equation.
You prepare a standard NaOH solution for the laboratory, using potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHC₈H₄O₄, abbreviated KHP) as the primary standard. KHP (molar mass = 204.22 g/mol) has one acidic hydrogen. It took 31.55 mL of the NaOH solution to titrate (react exactly with) 0.750 g KHP. You then use the standard base solution to determine the amount of ascorbic acid in a 500. mg tablet of vitamin C. Ascorbic acid (HC₆H₇O₆, molar mass 176.12 g/mol) also has one acidic hydrogen, and is usually mixed with some filler in preparing the tablets. It requires 17.54 mL of the NaOH to titrate (react exactly with) the ascorbic acid found in one 500 mg tablet. What is the percent vitamin C by mass in the tablet?
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