What is the most likely mechanism producing tolerance to cocaine and then the dysphoria that is associated with cocaine withdrawal?   A. Dynorphin neurons cause presynaptic inhibition to decrease dopamine release into the nucleus accumbens   B. Cocaine runs the dopamine transporter backwards to cause tolerance and withdrawal   C. cocaine binds to opiate receptors in the ventral tegmental area (VTA)   D. Dynorphin neurons stimulate dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and increase dopamine release into the nucleus accumbens

Q: Parkinson’s disease is a caused by the degeneration of neurons that release ________. a. serotonin…

A: Parkinson's disease (PD) is distinguished by the degeneration of dopamine (DA) neurons.

Q: The nervous system sends chemical signals to other distant cells in the form of a) Action potentials…

A: A neuron conveying a message (i.e., a presynaptic neuron) delivers a chemical called a…

Q: The feel of your pencil on your fingertip is carried through the thalamus to the cortex. Which part…

A: 1.) The primary somatosensory area in the human cortex is located in the postcentral gyrus of the…

Q: What do multiple sclerosis and ALS (amyotropic lateral sclerosis) have in common?a. They both are…

A: The nervous system is a complex system of nerves and specialised cells known as neurons. The nervous…

Q: Which of the following statements is true? a. GABA activity will be enhanced by tranquilizers b.…

A: Statement (a) GABA activity will be enhanced by tranquilizers is true. Tranquilizers are the drugs…

Q: The discovery that the brain contains specific receptors for manufactured opiate drugs such as…

A: Opioids are a class of drugs that are used to relieve pain and induce sleep. These are highly…

Q: Sensations caused by simultaneous stimulation of more than one kind b. Sensations that are not…

A: Correct option  b. Sensations that are not caused by a physical stimulation

Q: CNS effects was most likely elicited by amobarbital? a. Antiparkinson b. Analgesic c. Anticonvulsant…

A: Amobarbital It is derived from barbiturate.  Indications  Anxiety Insomnia Epilepsy or status…

Q: Like many neurotransmitters, serotonin (5-HT) can have different postsynaptic effects on different…

A: 1 ) Answer is option A.  There are several types of postsynaptic receptors for serotonin.

Q: A fight-or-flight response in the body is controlled by thea. sympathetic division of the nervous…

A: The nervous system is highly complex among different organ systems in animals. By transmitting…

Q: Which of the following is characteristic of psychoactive drugsa. They do not readily cross the…

A: Psychoactive drugs are administered to alter mood, consciousness, and also in treating pain. Intake…

Q: In schizophrenia, the neurons affected by dopamine are overstimulated. This condition is treated…

A: Dopamine is a neurotransmitter and is responsible to carry out many brain-related functions. Its…

Q: Which statement is TRUE about the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?   It protects the brain.  It protects…

A: Central nervous system is composed of mainly brain and spinal cord.CNS helps in integration of…

Q: Can we control the amount of Dopamine secreted by the brain while carrying out those activities that…

A: Answer: DOPAMINE: it is a neurotransmitteror can be called as chemical messengers. It is naturally…

Q: Biochemistry in compliance with established rules versus resisting established rules. Compliance…

A: Biochemistry is the branch of science associated with physical and chemical processes in a living…

Q: What is the impact and mode of action of cocaine on dopamine levels in the brain?

A: Cocaine also known as coke, is a strong stimulant most frequently used as a recreational drug.…

Q: Which second messenger system is used with beta-1 adrenergic receptors? A. cyclic AMP B. ATP C.…

A: Beta-1 adrenergic receptors are G-protein coupled receptors that are present in the heart.

Q: Basic neuroscience of emotions states that a.There are two different routes to an emotional…

A: Affective neuroscience is the study of the neural mechanisms of emotion. This interdisciplinary…

Q: If incoming serotonin axons were destroyed, LSD would still have its full effects. However, if…

A: Humans have a well-established nervous that helps in transferring signals throughout the body. A…

Q: Can we control the amount of Dopamine secreted by the brain while carrying out those activities that…

A: We know that Dopamine is a hormone that is a feel-good neurotransmitter and is associated with…

Q: Hypofrontality in schizophrenia means that there is: Question 3 options: a)  An increased blood…

A: Several neurological medical conditions manifest with hypo frontality

Q: Which of the following is NOT true of axons?     a. They can vary greatly in length     b. Under…

A:

Q: How does leptin affect neurons in the hypothalamus?  a It makes them more sensitive to stretch…

A: Different hormones have different functions on the digestive systems that stimulate or inhibits the…

Q: What is a synapse, and what role does it play in nerve transmission?

A: What is a synapse, and what role does it play in nerve transmission?

Q: Why are the effects of antipsychotic drugs equally compatible with the dopamine hypothesis and the…

A: Dopamine hypothesis states that hyperactive transmission of dopamine results in symptoms of…

Q: You measure subregion-specific release of GABA in the basal ganglia. Give two regions where you…

A: GABA is a hyper-excitatory neurotransmitter.

Q: Naloxone works because it blocks receptors that usually bind with a. Endogenous opioids b. Heroine…

A: Naloxone is a drug that temporarily counteracts the overdose of the drug that depresses the Central…

Q: explain how the pathway in the brain plays a crucial role to the formation of psychoactive substance…

A: A psychotropic drug is a chemical substance which changes the nervous system function and also…

Q: Which statement is true? A. the pituitary glands dngles from the hypothalamus by the infundibulum…

A: Nervous system  is the central processing unit of the body. It contains of many parts including…

Q: Phenytoin (sodium channel blocker) and ethosuximide (calcium channel blocker) are anti-seizure drugs…

A: Seizure occurs due to prolonged depolarisation of epileptic neurons, which will activate voltage…

Q: Which of the statements about neurotransmitters given below is incorrect? а. Orexin-producing cells…

A: Neurotransmitters are biochemical agents or messengers produced by the nervous system that…

Q: Typically, opiates have the ability to a. cause intense hallucinations. b. suppress the sensation of…

A: The correct answer is b. suppress the sensation of pain A drug that is used to relieve pain or…

Q: What would be the effect of benzodiazepines on someone who had no GABA?

A: GABA also called gama amino butyric acid It is an inhibitory neurotransmitter of central nervous…

Q: Which of the following is evidence against the idea that antidepressant drugs relieve depression…

A: Here we have to describe about the idea that antidepressant drugs relieve depression simply by…

Q: What is maladaptive neuroplasticity? a. Neuroplasticity that affect the autonomic nervous system…

A: Neuroplasticity It is a lifetime ability of neural networks in the brain to adapt to changes in the…

Q: Drugs can affect behavior by altering the action of neurotransmitters at the synapses. Which of the…

A: 1 Answer;; Option no 6 is correct option. Statement A ,B, and C are correct.

Q: What are the synaptic effects of glycine? a. It directly stimulates glutamate receptors. b. It…

A: Glycine is an amino acid that functions as an inhibitory neurotransmitter (inhibits the excitation…

Q: What is the relationship between drug abuse and dopamine?A. Probability of abusing a drug correlates…

A: Drug abuse is an illegal form of consuming illegal drug other than the purpose of prescription for…

Q: How is dopamine involved in drug addiction?

A: Answer: DRUG ADDICTION: It is a habit of taking repeated usage of drugs. It is also called a…

Q: Cocaine affects a synapse by blocking the reuptake or reabsorbtion of the neurotransmitter dopamine…

A: Dopamine comes from a group of brain cells known as dopaminergic or also known as dopamine-making…

Q: Nicotinic receptors bind A. acetylcholine and allow chloride ions to exit the cell. B.…

A: Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are proteinous structures that receive and transduce signals from…

Emotions

Emotions are biologically based psychological conditions caused by neurophysiological changes which are linked to different factors such as thoughts, emotions, behavioral responses, and pleasure or displeasure. These emotions are not similar to moods. The mood is an affective state. Mood depends upon several factors, such as weather, the environment, physiology, etc. Emotions can be beneficial or detrimental depending on the situation. Emotional reactions are simple. Emotional well-being is strongly affected by our well-being, and such feelings are private.