What is the logical explanation of the results shown in this study? O One hypothesis that could explain this result is that infection by parasites made frogs more vulnerable to trout, thereby reducing frog densities more greatly than would occur from the combined (additive) effects due to parasites alone plus those due to trout alone. One hypothesis that could explain this result is that infection by parasites made frogs less vulnerable to trout, thereby reducing frog densities less than would occur from the combined (additive) effects due to parasites alone plus those due to trout alone. O One hypothesis that could explain this result is that infection by parasites made frogs less vulnerable to trout, thereby reducing frog densities more greatly than would occur from the combined (additive) effects due to parasites alone plus those due to trout alone. One hypothesis that could explain this result is that infection by parasites made frogs more vulnerable to trout, thereby reducing frog densities less than would occur from the combined (additive) effects due to parasites alone plus those due to trout alone.

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What is the logical explanation of the results shown in this study?
O One hypothesis that could explain this result is that infection by parasites made frogs
more vulnerable to trout, thereby reducing frog densities more greatly than would
occur from the combined (additive) effects due to parasites alone plus those due to
trout alone.
One hypothesis that could explain this result is that infection by parasites made frogs
less vulnerable to trout, thereby reducing frog densities less than would occur from the
combined (additive) effects due to parasites alone plus those due to trout alone.
O One hypothesis that could explain this result is that infection by parasites made frogs
less vulnerable to trout, thereby reducing frog densities more greatly than would occur
from the combined (additive) effects due to parasites alone plus those due to trout
alone.
One hypothesis that could explain this result is that infection by parasites made frogs
more vulnerable to trout, thereby reducing frog densities less than would occur from
the combined (additive) effects due to parasites alone plus those due to trout alone.
Transcribed Image Text:What is the logical explanation of the results shown in this study? O One hypothesis that could explain this result is that infection by parasites made frogs more vulnerable to trout, thereby reducing frog densities more greatly than would occur from the combined (additive) effects due to parasites alone plus those due to trout alone. One hypothesis that could explain this result is that infection by parasites made frogs less vulnerable to trout, thereby reducing frog densities less than would occur from the combined (additive) effects due to parasites alone plus those due to trout alone. O One hypothesis that could explain this result is that infection by parasites made frogs less vulnerable to trout, thereby reducing frog densities more greatly than would occur from the combined (additive) effects due to parasites alone plus those due to trout alone. One hypothesis that could explain this result is that infection by parasites made frogs more vulnerable to trout, thereby reducing frog densities less than would occur from the combined (additive) effects due to parasites alone plus those due to trout alone.
Suppose that researchers wanted to examine the combined effects of an introduced predator (a trout) and the trematode parasite Ribeiroia on amphibian populations. To do this, they
established frog populations in each of 40 artificial ponds. Each pond was assigned at random to one of four treatments (10 ponds per treatment): 1) neither trout or parasites were added
to the pond (the "No trout, no parasite" treatment); 2) no trout were added but parasites were added ("No trout, parasite added"); 3) trout were added but parasites were not added ("Trout
added, no parasite"); and 4) both trout and parasites were added ("Trout added, parasite added"). Each pond contained refugia where tadpoles could avoid attack by trout, to avoid fish
predators driving frog populations to extinction in an artificial pond, unlike what typically occurs in a natural pond. After two breeding seasons, the researchers estimated the density of
frogs in each pond. The results are shown in the table and the figure.
Treatment
No trout, no parasite
No trout, parasite added
Trout added, no parasite
Trout added, parasite
added
Average frog density
(per 10 m² of pond surface area)
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Average frog density (per
10 m² of pond surface
area)
180.2
111.4
125.8
14.3
No trout,
Trout added,
No trout,
Trout added,
no parasite parasite added no parasite parasite added
Treatment
Use the information above to answer this question and the following questions.
Transcribed Image Text:Suppose that researchers wanted to examine the combined effects of an introduced predator (a trout) and the trematode parasite Ribeiroia on amphibian populations. To do this, they established frog populations in each of 40 artificial ponds. Each pond was assigned at random to one of four treatments (10 ponds per treatment): 1) neither trout or parasites were added to the pond (the "No trout, no parasite" treatment); 2) no trout were added but parasites were added ("No trout, parasite added"); 3) trout were added but parasites were not added ("Trout added, no parasite"); and 4) both trout and parasites were added ("Trout added, parasite added"). Each pond contained refugia where tadpoles could avoid attack by trout, to avoid fish predators driving frog populations to extinction in an artificial pond, unlike what typically occurs in a natural pond. After two breeding seasons, the researchers estimated the density of frogs in each pond. The results are shown in the table and the figure. Treatment No trout, no parasite No trout, parasite added Trout added, no parasite Trout added, parasite added Average frog density (per 10 m² of pond surface area) 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Average frog density (per 10 m² of pond surface area) 180.2 111.4 125.8 14.3 No trout, Trout added, No trout, Trout added, no parasite parasite added no parasite parasite added Treatment Use the information above to answer this question and the following questions.
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