States of Matter
The substance that constitutes everything in the universe is known as matter. Matter comprises atoms which in turn are composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons. Different atoms combine together to give rise to molecules that act as a foundation for all kinds of substances. There are five states of matter based on their energies of attraction, namely solid, liquid, gases, plasma, and BEC (Bose-Einstein condensates).
Chemical Reactions and Equations
When a chemical species is transformed into another chemical species it is said to have undergone a chemical reaction. It consists of breaking existing bonds and forming new bonds by changing the position of electrons. These reactions are best explained using a chemical equation.
The equation commonly used to calculate the change in temperature associated with the evaporation of a liquid is the heat transfer equation:
Q = m * L
Where:
- Q is the heat energy transferred (in joules or calories),
- m is the mass of the liquid that evaporates (in grams or kilograms), and
- L is the latent heat of vaporization (in joules per gram or calories per gram).
The latent heat of vaporization represents the amount of heat energy required to change 1 gram of a liquid into vapor at a constant temperature. The change in temperature during this phase transition is zero because the energy is used to break the intermolecular bonds between liquid molecules rather than increase their kinetic energy.
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