What is the definition of "confounding effects"? O When you have multiple factors in a study and you can't tell with reasonable certainty which caused the change in the variable under consideration. O When you have results and you can't remember how you got them. O When the results of the hypothesis test are not supported through the development of a confidence interval. When the results you get are based on univariate data. Your p-value and alpha levels are exactly the same level.

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Q: W 4. A cell phone company claims that the average time a person spends on their phone is 12.8 hours…

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A: Since you have posted a question with multiple sub-parts, we will solve only first three sub-parts…

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A: Given  12 + 22 + 32 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + n2 = n(n+1)(2n+1)6Step 1   P(1) is true             P(1) = I2 = 1   ⇒…

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