A unit cell must be electrically neutral.What is the charge on the oxygen ion assuming it has a full valence shell?• Based on the ratio of two oxide ions to one Zr cation, what is the charge in the Zrion?In the oxygen sensor, ¼ of the Zr's have been replaced with Ca. (This is called"doping".)What is the usual charge on Ca (assuming a full valence shell)?Calculate the total positive charge from atoms fully in the unit cell.(% of Zr atoms in unit cellx charge on Zr + charge on Ca =To balance the unit cell, you must have (-on atoms in the unit cell.What has to happen to the number of oxygen ions to accommodate thereplacement of Zr by Ca? In other words, how many oxide ions will be in the'doped' cell?A loss of an oxide atom results in a 'vacancy'. The presence of these vacancies isrequired for conductivity in the solid state.How many vacancies will be in the doped cell?Explain how these vacancies allow oxide ions to move through the material.In an oxygen sensor, there is a platinum electrode on either side of the Ca-dopedzirconium oxide. The platinum adsorbs oxygen from the air and converts it into theoxide ion that migrates though the structure.How many electrons are needed to convert oxygen into oxide ion?When oxide ions get to the other side of the material, they are converted back intooxygen. The electrons flow through the Pt electrode (electrical conductivity), througha circuit, and back to the other platinum electrode.Explain why electrons easily flow through the metal of the Pt electrodes. Includea comment on electronegativity and metallic bonding.This current creates a potential difference (voltage). The measured potential can beused to calculate the relative oxygen concentration on each side of the oxygen sensor.

Unit cell is basic unit of a lattice that must be electrically neutral.

A unit cell must be electrically neutral. What is the charge on the oxygen ion assuming it has a full valence shell? Based on the ratio of two oxide ions to one Zr cation, what is the charge in the Zr ion?

A unit cell must be electrically neutral. What is the charge on the oxygen ion assuming it has a full valence shell? Based on the ratio of two oxide ions to one Zr cation, what is the charge in the Zr ion?

Chemistry

10th Edition

ISBN:9781305957404

Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste

Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste

Chapter1: Chemical Foundations

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...

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Concept explainers

Crystal Lattices and Unit Cell

Consider a crystal. The regular and repeating pattern of constituent particles is the most distinguishing feature of crystalline solids. A crystal lattice is formed when these particles are replaced with representative points. The three-dimensional arrangement of constituent particles is known as a crystal lattice. Unit cell is that the smallest portion of a space lattice which when repeated in several directions, generate the whole lattice. Unit cell is a building block of a lattice. It is the smallest unit of cell.

Question

A unit cell must be electrically neutral.
What is the charge on the oxygen ion assuming it has a full valence shell?
• Based on the ratio of two oxide ions to one Zr cation, what is the charge in the Zr
ion?
In the oxygen sensor, ¼ of the Zr's have been replaced with Ca. (This is called
"doping".)
What is the usual charge on Ca (assuming a full valence shell)?
Calculate the total positive charge from atoms fully in the unit cell.
(% of Zr atoms in unit cell
x charge on Zr + charge on Ca =
To balance the unit cell, you must have (-
on atoms in the unit cell.
What has to happen to the number of oxygen ions to accommodate the
replacement of Zr by Ca? In other words, how many oxide ions will be in the
'doped' cell?
A loss of an oxide atom results in a 'vacancy'. The presence of these vacancies is
required for conductivity in the solid state.
How many vacancies will be in the doped cell?
Explain how these vacancies allow oxide ions to move through the material.
In an oxygen sensor, there is a platinum electrode on either side of the Ca-doped
zirconium oxide. The platinum adsorbs oxygen from the air and converts it into the
oxide ion that migrates though the structure.
How many electrons are needed to convert oxygen into oxide ion?
When oxide ions get to the other side of the material, they are converted back into
oxygen. The electrons flow through the Pt electrode (electrical conductivity), through
a circuit, and back to the other platinum electrode.
Explain why electrons easily flow through the metal of the Pt electrodes. Include
a comment on electronegativity and metallic bonding.
This current creates a potential difference (voltage). The measured potential can be
used to calculate the relative oxygen concentration on each side of the oxygen sensor.

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