What is the atom economy for the saponification reaction, assuming 100% yield (3 soap molecules for every triglyceride used)? Use the chart provided below- Stoichiometric Coefficient, Name of Starting MaterialAtomic Symbol, Quantity, Atomic Mass of each atomMass (Quantity Times Atomic Mass) of all atoms Atoms Utilized in ProductMass of Atoms Utilized in Product Atoms Wasted in Byproducts Mass of Atoms Wasted in Byproducts **Green Chemistry Institute** **American Chemical Society** **Atom Economy** **Page 3****Reaction: Saponification**The reaction involves a triglyceride molecule reacting with 3 sodium hydroxide (NaOH) molecules to produce glycerol and three sodium palmitate (a soap) molecules.The equation is as follows:\[ \text{CH}_2\text{-O}\text{-C-(CH}_2)_\text{14}\text{-CH}_3 \quad \text{|} \] \[ \text{CH-O-C-(CH}_2)_\text{14}\text{-CH}_3 + 3 \text{ NaOH} \rightarrow \text{CH}_2\text{-OH} + 3 \text{ NaO-C-(CH}_2)_\text{14}\text{-CH}_3 \] \[ \text{CH}_2\text{-O-C-(CH}_2)_\text{14}\text{-CH}_3 \quad \text{|} \] **General Reaction Mechanism for Saponification:****Step 1: Nucleophilic attack by the hydroxide**A hydroxide ion (\( \text{OH}^- \)) attacks the carbonyl carbon of the ester, resulting in a tetrahedral intermediate.\[ \begin{array}{c}\text{R-C=O} \\\text{|} \\\text{OR'}\end{array} + \text{OH}^- \rightarrow \begin{array}{c}\text{R-C-O}^- \\\text{|} \\\text{OR'} \\\text{|} \\\text{OH}\end{array} \]**Step 2: Leaving group leaves**The intermediate collapses, expelling the leaving group (\( \text{OR'}^- \)), leading to a carboxylic acid and an alcohol group.\[ \begin{array}{c}\text{R-C-O}^- \\\text{|} \\\text{OR'} \\\text{|} \\\text{OH}\end{array} \rightarrow \begin{array}{c}\text{R-C=O} \\\text{|} \\\text{OH}\end{array} + \text{R'-O}^- \]**Step

Atom economy is a way of representing the efficiency of a reaction. The equation to calculate the…

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Chemistry

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ISBN:9781305957404

Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste

Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste

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What is the atom economy for the saponification reaction, assuming 100% yield (3 soap molecules for every triglyceride used)? Use the chart provided below-

Stoichiometric Coefficient, Name of Starting Material	Atomic Symbol, Quantity, Atomic Mass of each atom	Mass (Quantity Times Atomic Mass) of all atoms	Atoms Utilized in Product	Mass of Atoms Utilized in Product	Atoms Wasted in Byproducts	Mass of Atoms Wasted in Byproducts

**Green Chemistry Institute**
**American Chemical Society**
**Atom Economy**
**Page 3**

**Reaction: Saponification**

The reaction involves a triglyceride molecule reacting with 3 sodium hydroxide (NaOH) molecules to produce glycerol and three sodium palmitate (a soap) molecules.

The equation is as follows:

\[ \text{CH}_2\text{-O}\text{-C-(CH}_2)_\text{14}\text{-CH}_3 \quad \text{|} \]
\[ \text{CH-O-C-(CH}_2)_\text{14}\text{-CH}_3 + 3 \text{ NaOH} \rightarrow \text{CH}_2\text{-OH} + 3 \text{ NaO-C-(CH}_2)_\text{14}\text{-CH}_3 \]
\[ \text{CH}_2\text{-O-C-(CH}_2)_\text{14}\text{-CH}_3 \quad \text{|} \]

**General Reaction Mechanism for Saponification:**

**Step 1: Nucleophilic attack by the hydroxide**

A hydroxide ion (\( \text{OH}^- \)) attacks the carbonyl carbon of the ester, resulting in a tetrahedral intermediate.

\[ \begin{array}{c}
\text{R-C=O} \\
\text{|} \\
\text{OR'}
\end{array} + \text{OH}^- \rightarrow \begin{array}{c}
\text{R-C-O}^- \\
\text{|} \\
\text{OR'} \\
\text{|} \\
\text{OH}
\end{array} \]

**Step 2: Leaving group leaves**

The intermediate collapses, expelling the leaving group (\( \text{OR'}^- \)), leading to a carboxylic acid and an alcohol group.

\[ \begin{array}{c}
\text{R-C-O}^- \\
\text{|} \\
\text{OR'} \\
\text{|} \\
\text{OH}
\end{array} \rightarrow \begin{array}{c}
\text{R-C=O} \\
\text{|} \\
\text{OH}
\end{array} + \text{R'-O}^- \]

**Step

Definition Definition Number that is expressed before molecules, ions, and atoms such that it balances out the number of components present on either section of the equation in a chemical reaction. Stoichiometric coefficients can be a fraction or a whole number and are useful in determining the mole ratio among the reactants and products. In any equalized chemical equation, the number of components on either side of the equation will be the same.

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