What is meant by the rate-limiting step in drug bioavailability from a solid oral drug product?
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What is meant by the rate-limiting step in drug bioavailability from a solid oral drug product?
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- Discuss three types of drug-drug interactions, and explain the links to pharmacodynamics and/or pharmacokinetics, with examples. Give the mechanims.Drug absorption involves at least three distinct steps: dissolution, permeation, and disposition during transit in GI (an additional step of drug disposition in the body is involved as well for bioavailability). How are these processes validated in vitro when the in vivo requirement for drug bioavailability is waived?A patient is receiving morphine sulfate intravenously via a patient controlled analgesia (PCA) pump. The concentration of the solution is 11 mg/mL and is being infused continuously around the clock at a rate of 0.1 mL/hr. The patient may also access a 2-mg bolus dose every hour for breakthrough pain if needed and they are currently using an average of 5 additional bolus doses per day. The patient is to be converted to fentanyl using the table below. But before using the table we must determine their morphine usage, so what is this patient's total daily dosage of IV morphine? TABLE 10.3 FENTANYL TRANSDERMAL DOSAGE CONVERSION GUIDELINES", b Current Analgesic Oral morphine IM/IV morphine Oral oxycodone Oral codeine Oral hydromorphone IV hydromorphone IM meperidine Oral methadone 60-134 10-22 30-67 150-447 8-17 1.5-3.4 75-165 20-44 Recommended fentanyl transdermal system dose Fentanyl transdermal system 25 mcg/h Daily Dosage (mg/day) 135-224 23-37 67.5-112 17.1-28 3.5-5.6 166-278 45-74…
- Answer the following questions:1. If excipients do not have pharmacodynamic activity, how do excipients affect the performance of the drug product?2. What is meant by the rate-limiting step in drug bioavailability from a solid oral drug product?3. What is the usual rate-limiting step for a poorly soluble and highly permeable drug (BCS 2)?4. How could the manufacturing process affect drug product performance?5. Drug absorption involves at least three distinct steps: dissolution, permeation, and disposition during transit in GI (an additional step of drug disposition in the body is involved as well for bioavailability). How are these processes validated in vitro when the in vivo requirement for drug bioavailability is waived?6. What is meant by “sink” conditions?7. What physical or chemical properties of a drug substance are important in designing a drug for (a) oral administration or (b) parenteral administration?8. For a lipid-soluble drug that has very poor aqueous solubility, what…Briefly discuss reasons why metabolism is a major cause of variations in drug response and or toxicity amongst patientsAn account of the following topic: (i) Structure-Activity Relationships and Drug Design;
- What are the various structures of drug regulation? Please answer at your own easy words. Answer should be to the point.Give an example of N-dealkylation and oxidative deamination over the active molecule of a drug and indicate which type of metabolization they are.As a pharmacist, propose some improvement that can be implemented to further improve the formulation stability. Answer the following case study using your own words.
- None of the above statements is true for medications that are classified as Class Il in the Biopharmaceutical Classification System yet have not yet been given a score of 20? Choose a tenth Low solubility and high permeability are two characteristics that characterise this substance. Low permeability and high solubility are two characteristics of this compound. Permeability and solubility are also strong. Estimation of poor permeability and solubilityBriefly explain, in biochemical and behavioral means, how cannabis could be used to reduce symptorns in a patient suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder.rug-B has an elimination half-life of 9 hours, an absorption half-life of 20 minutes and linear harmacokinetics. In a patient, the plasma concentration five hours from the administration of two 60 mg cablets of the drug is 8 ug/mL. What would you expect to be the plasma concentration five hours from the administration of one 60 mg tablets? 1 ug/mL Answer 1-1