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What is decolonization in Africa? What is the big picture of decolonization in Africa?

What is decolonization in Africa? What is the big picture of decolonization in Africa?

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What is decolonization in Africa? What is the big picture of decolonization in Africa?
O AND 3C.52 - Decolonization in Africa Important Key Terms Pan-African movements Negritude The Big Picture Decolonization: Process in which a colony becomes an independent state. Following World War II, there were movements in colonial states across Africa to achieve independence. Methods of decolonization varied greatly across African states, from wars against colonial oppressors to negotiated independence settlements. Need help? Want to learn more? Check out these videos: • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wYBLmWwfsT4A (Decolonization in Africa from AP World) Crash Course World History #40: Decolonization and Nationalism Triumphant (youtube.com) Thinking as you read: What was Negritude? How Africans in World Wars Before and during World War II, did it change perspectives nationalism flourished in sub-Saharan in society? Africa. African nationallsts celebrated their blackness and Africanness in Pan-African movements MOROOCO AMEVTENMARN NA EDERIA LYA SAARA TRIPOL O DE ORO contrast to their European colonial refer to the idea that there rulers. When World War II erupted, should be unity among soldiers fought alongside Africans no matter their Europeans to "defend freedom." This tribal, cultural, religious further FRENCH WIERWE AFWICA WRIE EITREA FREENCH BOMALILAND ANLO EOPTIAN SUDAN FRENCH BUO BITIH SOMALAND ETHOPIA PORT NIGERIA CAMES TALIAN and other differences. LEDNE T MALLAND EAST AFRICA CONGO FREE STATE OELOAN CONGO experience encouraged VORY CDAST CDAST Co O GERMAN EAST AFRICA resistance to colonial domination. ATLANTC COEAN Many Africans asked themselves why Nationalism refers to the they were good enough to fight idea that people who have alongside Europeans but not able to govern themselves. Drawing from the pan-African movements that emerged be ruled under their own in the ANGOLAOETHEN NORTHERN RHOOESIA PORTUGES EAST APRICA a common culture and ethnic background should SOUTERN GERMAN OUTH WEST RHODESIA AFRICA MADAGACA government. and the Caribbean, African intellectuals, especially in French-controlled west Africa, established a movement to promote Négritude ("Blackness"). Reviving Africa's great traditions and cultures, poets and writers expressed a widely shared pride in Africa. United States This celebration of African culture was accompanied by grassroots protests against European imperialism. "Grassroots" protests refer to the most basic level of activity or organization, where ordinary people are the main actors (as oppose to career politicians). A new urban African elite slowly created the sorts of associations needed to hold demonstrations and fight for independence. Especially widespread were workers' strikes against oppressive labor practices and the low wages paid by colonial overlords in areas such as the Gold Coast and Northern Rhodesia. Some independent Christian churches also provided avenues for anticolonial agitation, as prophets such Thinking as you read: Why as Simon Kimbangu in the Belgian Congo promised his churchgoers that God would Africans could only deliver them from imperial control. did colonizers believe that transition slow, if at all, to independence? African Decolonization The dreams and hopes of African nationalists frequently had to be placed on hold in the early years after World War II. Often assuming that black Africans were incapable of self-government, imperial powers planned for a slow transition to independence. The presence of white settlers in certain African colonies also complicated the process of decolonization. The politics of the cold war allowed imperial powers to justify oppressive actions in the name of rooting out a subversive communist presence. 'Copyright Achievement First. Unless otherwise noted, all of the content in this resource is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Internationall 4.0 (CC BY) license
Transcribed Image Text:O AND 3C.52 - Decolonization in Africa Important Key Terms Pan-African movements Negritude The Big Picture Decolonization: Process in which a colony becomes an independent state. Following World War II, there were movements in colonial states across Africa to achieve independence. Methods of decolonization varied greatly across African states, from wars against colonial oppressors to negotiated independence settlements. Need help? Want to learn more? Check out these videos: • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wYBLmWwfsT4A (Decolonization in Africa from AP World) Crash Course World History #40: Decolonization and Nationalism Triumphant (youtube.com) Thinking as you read: What was Negritude? How Africans in World Wars Before and during World War II, did it change perspectives nationalism flourished in sub-Saharan in society? Africa. African nationallsts celebrated their blackness and Africanness in Pan-African movements MOROOCO AMEVTENMARN NA EDERIA LYA SAARA TRIPOL O DE ORO contrast to their European colonial refer to the idea that there rulers. When World War II erupted, should be unity among soldiers fought alongside Africans no matter their Europeans to "defend freedom." This tribal, cultural, religious further FRENCH WIERWE AFWICA WRIE EITREA FREENCH BOMALILAND ANLO EOPTIAN SUDAN FRENCH BUO BITIH SOMALAND ETHOPIA PORT NIGERIA CAMES TALIAN and other differences. LEDNE T MALLAND EAST AFRICA CONGO FREE STATE OELOAN CONGO experience encouraged VORY CDAST CDAST Co O GERMAN EAST AFRICA resistance to colonial domination. ATLANTC COEAN Many Africans asked themselves why Nationalism refers to the they were good enough to fight idea that people who have alongside Europeans but not able to govern themselves. Drawing from the pan-African movements that emerged be ruled under their own in the ANGOLAOETHEN NORTHERN RHOOESIA PORTUGES EAST APRICA a common culture and ethnic background should SOUTERN GERMAN OUTH WEST RHODESIA AFRICA MADAGACA government. and the Caribbean, African intellectuals, especially in French-controlled west Africa, established a movement to promote Négritude ("Blackness"). Reviving Africa's great traditions and cultures, poets and writers expressed a widely shared pride in Africa. United States This celebration of African culture was accompanied by grassroots protests against European imperialism. "Grassroots" protests refer to the most basic level of activity or organization, where ordinary people are the main actors (as oppose to career politicians). A new urban African elite slowly created the sorts of associations needed to hold demonstrations and fight for independence. Especially widespread were workers' strikes against oppressive labor practices and the low wages paid by colonial overlords in areas such as the Gold Coast and Northern Rhodesia. Some independent Christian churches also provided avenues for anticolonial agitation, as prophets such Thinking as you read: Why as Simon Kimbangu in the Belgian Congo promised his churchgoers that God would Africans could only deliver them from imperial control. did colonizers believe that transition slow, if at all, to independence? African Decolonization The dreams and hopes of African nationalists frequently had to be placed on hold in the early years after World War II. Often assuming that black Africans were incapable of self-government, imperial powers planned for a slow transition to independence. The presence of white settlers in certain African colonies also complicated the process of decolonization. The politics of the cold war allowed imperial powers to justify oppressive actions in the name of rooting out a subversive communist presence. 'Copyright Achievement First. Unless otherwise noted, all of the content in this resource is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Internationall 4.0 (CC BY) license
became Independent in 1957, but independence came much later to Angola (1975S) violent, and decolonization occurred at a different pace in different nations. Ghana and Zimbabwe, formerly Southern Rhodesia (1980) Despite the delays, however, sub-Saharan states slowly but surely won their independence as each newly independent nation inspired and often aided other Agitation for independence in sub-Saharan Africa took on many forms, peaceful and 1055 when the FLN moved into more urbanized areas. In an attack on the town of Canstantine, the FLN killed dozens of French settlers. France sent thousands of troops to Algeria to put down the revolution, and by 1958 it had committed half a million ddien to the war. The war became ugly: Algerians serving with the French had to kill fellow Algerians or be killed by them; Algerian civilians became trapped in the crossfire of war, often accused of and killed for alding FLN guerrillas; thousands of French soldiers died. By the war's end in 1962, when the Algerians gained Independence from France, hundreds of thousands of Algerians had diled. lands to wvin their freedom. in sub-Saharan Africa took on any forms, peaceful and na zimbabwe, formerly Southern Rhodesia (1980) Ghana (British Gold Coast) Thinking as you read: What was the significance of Kwame Nkrumah for Ghana? For Africa? l nas successfully achieved its freedom from British rule in 1957. Under the aership of Kwame Nkrumah (1909-1972), political parties and strategies for mass action took shape. Although the British subjected Nkrumah and other nationalists to Jan terms and repressive control, gradually they allowed reforms and negotiated the transfer of power in their Gold Coast colony. Kw4-me N-kru-ma Arter it became independent in 1957, Ghana inspired other African nationalist movements. Nkrumah, as a leader of the first sub-Saharan African nation to gain independence from colonial rule, became a persuasive spokesperson for pan-African unity, a movement for unifying African people. His ideas and his status as an African leader symbolized the changing times in Africa Thinking as you read: Who were the Mau Mau? Who was Jomo Kenyatta? Kenya The British ruled Kenya, and many British settlers resisted Kenyan Independence- especially those who had taken over prize farmland in the northern highlands of the country. The Mau Mau (MOW mow) resisted British rule. They were made up mostly of native Kenyan farmers forced out of the mountains by the British settlers. Using guerrilla war tactics, the Mau Mau wanted to push the white farmers into leaving the highlands. The British moved to suppress all nationalist groups and jailed Kenya nationalist leaders, including Jomo Kenyatta (1895-1978) in 1953. During growing resistance to colonial rule, the British mounted major military offenses against rebel forces, supporting their army troops with artillery, bombers, and jet fighters. By 1956 the British had effectively crushed all milltary resistance in a conflict that claimed the lives of twelve thousand Africans and one hundred Europeans. In 1959 the British lifted the state of emergency, and as political parties formed, nationalist leaders like Kenyatta reemerged to lead those parties. By December 1963 Kenya had negotiated its independence. Thinking as you read: What methods were used Algeria French settlers in Algeria demanded that the government in Paris maintain control of in Algerian decolonization? the territory. Two million white French settled or were born in Algeria (Northern Africa) by the mid-1940s. The end of World War II, however, marked the beginning of a revitalized nationalist movement in Algeria, fueled by desire for independence from France and freedom from domination by white settlers. The event that touched off the Algerian revolt came in May 1945. In the resulting riots more than eight thousand Algerian Muslims died, along with approximately one hundred French. The Algerian war of liberation began in 1954 under the command of the Front de Libération Nationale (FLN, or National Liberation Front). The FLN adopted guerrilla warfare. The French did not realize the serlousness of the challenge they faced until 2 This text French Revolution' is a revision of "Traditions and Encounters by Jerry H. Bentley and Patter- First does not own the copyright in Traditions and Encountern and Pattems of Interactions and caima no exclusively for non-profit educational purposes under tair use principles irn US Copyright law The user may be used under fair use / tair dealing permissions in the user's country.
Transcribed Image Text:became Independent in 1957, but independence came much later to Angola (1975S) violent, and decolonization occurred at a different pace in different nations. Ghana and Zimbabwe, formerly Southern Rhodesia (1980) Despite the delays, however, sub-Saharan states slowly but surely won their independence as each newly independent nation inspired and often aided other Agitation for independence in sub-Saharan Africa took on many forms, peaceful and 1055 when the FLN moved into more urbanized areas. In an attack on the town of Canstantine, the FLN killed dozens of French settlers. France sent thousands of troops to Algeria to put down the revolution, and by 1958 it had committed half a million ddien to the war. The war became ugly: Algerians serving with the French had to kill fellow Algerians or be killed by them; Algerian civilians became trapped in the crossfire of war, often accused of and killed for alding FLN guerrillas; thousands of French soldiers died. By the war's end in 1962, when the Algerians gained Independence from France, hundreds of thousands of Algerians had diled. lands to wvin their freedom. in sub-Saharan Africa took on any forms, peaceful and na zimbabwe, formerly Southern Rhodesia (1980) Ghana (British Gold Coast) Thinking as you read: What was the significance of Kwame Nkrumah for Ghana? For Africa? l nas successfully achieved its freedom from British rule in 1957. Under the aership of Kwame Nkrumah (1909-1972), political parties and strategies for mass action took shape. Although the British subjected Nkrumah and other nationalists to Jan terms and repressive control, gradually they allowed reforms and negotiated the transfer of power in their Gold Coast colony. Kw4-me N-kru-ma Arter it became independent in 1957, Ghana inspired other African nationalist movements. Nkrumah, as a leader of the first sub-Saharan African nation to gain independence from colonial rule, became a persuasive spokesperson for pan-African unity, a movement for unifying African people. His ideas and his status as an African leader symbolized the changing times in Africa Thinking as you read: Who were the Mau Mau? Who was Jomo Kenyatta? Kenya The British ruled Kenya, and many British settlers resisted Kenyan Independence- especially those who had taken over prize farmland in the northern highlands of the country. The Mau Mau (MOW mow) resisted British rule. They were made up mostly of native Kenyan farmers forced out of the mountains by the British settlers. Using guerrilla war tactics, the Mau Mau wanted to push the white farmers into leaving the highlands. The British moved to suppress all nationalist groups and jailed Kenya nationalist leaders, including Jomo Kenyatta (1895-1978) in 1953. During growing resistance to colonial rule, the British mounted major military offenses against rebel forces, supporting their army troops with artillery, bombers, and jet fighters. By 1956 the British had effectively crushed all milltary resistance in a conflict that claimed the lives of twelve thousand Africans and one hundred Europeans. In 1959 the British lifted the state of emergency, and as political parties formed, nationalist leaders like Kenyatta reemerged to lead those parties. By December 1963 Kenya had negotiated its independence. Thinking as you read: What methods were used Algeria French settlers in Algeria demanded that the government in Paris maintain control of in Algerian decolonization? the territory. Two million white French settled or were born in Algeria (Northern Africa) by the mid-1940s. The end of World War II, however, marked the beginning of a revitalized nationalist movement in Algeria, fueled by desire for independence from France and freedom from domination by white settlers. The event that touched off the Algerian revolt came in May 1945. In the resulting riots more than eight thousand Algerian Muslims died, along with approximately one hundred French. The Algerian war of liberation began in 1954 under the command of the Front de Libération Nationale (FLN, or National Liberation Front). The FLN adopted guerrilla warfare. The French did not realize the serlousness of the challenge they faced until 2 This text French Revolution' is a revision of "Traditions and Encounters by Jerry H. Bentley and Patter- First does not own the copyright in Traditions and Encountern and Pattems of Interactions and caima no exclusively for non-profit educational purposes under tair use principles irn US Copyright law The user may be used under fair use / tair dealing permissions in the user's country.
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