Microscopic examination
The analysis of minute organisms, cellular organization of any biological structure, and composition of body fluids with the help of a microscope is known as microscopic examination. The magnification of specimens or samples under study helps in attaining a clearer picture of it.
Gram Staining
Named after Hans Christian Gram, a Danish bacteriologist, Gram stain is one of the most powerful staining techniques within microbiology. This technique was introduced in 1882 to identify pneumonia-causing organisms. The Gram staining technique uses crystal violet or methylene blue as primary staining colors to distinguish gram-positive from gram-negative organisms. Under a microscope, the gram-positive organisms appear purple-brown, retaining the primary color. Gram-negative organisms appear pink or red as they do not acquire the color of the primary stain.
What do mean by term flaccid? Explain its diagramatically.
A solution is said to be a homogeneous mixture of two or more components in any one phase(solid, liquid, or gas) and constitutes solute and solvent which are not visible with an unaided eye. Where solute is the component that is dissolved in the solvent and the amount of solute that can be dissolved is called its solubility. Example - a saline solution of salt as the solute that is dissolved in water as the solvent. Tonicity is the ability of the extracellular solution to make water move in or out of the cell via osmosis and depends upon the total concentration of all the solute components.
Tonicity or osmolarity can be of three types namely isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic.
Isotonic- “iso” means the same. A cell in this solution is in equilibrium with the respective extracellular fluid and hence no concentration gradient(no turgor pressure) is present. So either there will be no net movement of water inside or out of the cell or there will be free in and out movement of water with the same rate in both directions known as the flaccid condition.
Hypotonic- “Hypo” means lesser than. This solution has a lower solute concentration than cytosol, so the water flows inside the cell from the extracellular fluid causing the cell to bulge out, burst, and die.
Hypertonic- “Hyper” means larger than. Water will move out of the cell cytosol to the region of higher solute concentration(solution) causing the cell to wrinkle or shrivel known as plasmolysis. Seen in RBCs when undergoing the crenation process.
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