What changes in the magnitude and the direction of the electric field would we witness if there is an increase in the voltage difference between the electrodes? a. The magnitude would increase only in the second investigation, but the direction would stay the same in both investigations b. The magnitude would stay the same in both investigations but the direction would change c. The magnitude would increase in both investigations but the direction would stay the same d. The magnitude would increase only in the first investigation, but the direction would stay the same in both investigations

Study Figure 23.3 and the accompanying text discussion of charging by induction. When the grounding wire is touched to the rightmost point on the sphere in Figure 23.3c, electrons are drained away from the sphere to leave the sphere positively charged. Suppose the grounding wire is touched to the leftmost point on the sphere instead. (a) Will electrons still drain away, moving closer to the negatively charged rod as they do so? (b) What kind of charge, if any, remains on the sphere?

The first Leyden jar was probably discovered by a German clerk named E. Georg von Kleist. Because von Kleist was not a scientist and did not keep good records, the credit for the discovery of the Leyden jar usually goes to physicist Pieter Musschenbroek from Leyden, Holland. Musschenbroek accidentally discovered the Leyden jar when he tried to charge a jar of water and shocked himself by touching the wire on the inside of the jar while holding the jar on the outside. He said that the shock was no ordinary shock and his body shook violently as though he had been hit by lightning. The energy from the jar that passed through his body was probably around 1 J, and his jar probably had a capacitance of about 1 nF. a. Estimate the charge that passed through Musschenbroeks body. b. What was the potential difference between the inside and outside of the Leyden jar before Musschenbroek discharged it?

Unreasonable Results (a) What is the final speed of an electron accelerated from rest through a voltage of 25.0 MV by a negatively charged Van de Graaff terminal? (b) What is unreasonable about this result? (C) Which assumptions are responsible?

Use the orders of magnitude you found in the previous problem to answer the following questions to within an order of magnitude. (a) How many electrons would it take to equal the mass of a proton? (b) How many Earths would it take to equal the mass of the Sun? (c) How many Earth-Moon distances would it take to cover the distance from Earth to the Sun? (d) How many Moon atmospheres would it take to equal the mass of Earth’s atmosphere? (e) How many moons would it take to equal the mass of Earth? (f) How many protons would it take to equal the mass of the Sun? For the remaining questions, you need to use Figure 1.4 to obtain the necessary orders of magnitude of lengths, masses, and times.

A lightning bolt strikes a tree, moving 20.0 C of charge through a potential difference of 1.00102 MV. (a) What energy was dissipated? (b) What mass of water could be raised from 15 °C to the boiling point and then boiled by this energy? (c) Discuss the damage that could be caused to the tree by die expansion of the boiling steam.

Two conductors having net charges of +10.0 C and 10.0 C have a potential difference of 10.0 V between them. (a) Determine the capacitance of the system. (b) What is the potential difference between the two conductors if the charges on each are increased to +100 C and 100 C?

Three capacitors having capacitances of 8.40, 8.40, and 4.20F , respectively, are connected in series across a 36.0-V potential difference. (a) What is the charge on the 4.20F capacitor? (b) The capacitors are disconnected from the potential difference without allowing them to discharge. They are then reconnected in parallel with each other with the positively charged plates connected together. What is the voltage across each capacitor in the parallel combination?

(a) At what speed will a proton move in a circular path of the same radius as the electron in Exercise 22.12? (b) What would the radius of the path be it the proton had the same speed as the electron? (c) What would the radius be if the proton had the same kinetic energy as the electron? (d) The same momentum?

An electron has an initial velocity of 5.00106m/s in a uniform 2.0010m/s electric field. The field accelerates the election in the direction opposite to its initial velocity, (a) What is the direction of the electric field? (b) How far does the electron travel before coming to rest? (c) How long does it take the electron to come to rest? (d) What is the electron's velocity when it returns to its starting point?