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- What event is required but not sufficient to cause an infectiousdisease?Why is it incorrect to say that bacteria produce toxins to harm their host?The worldwide spread ofmultidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogenicbacteria has becomean urgent threat to human and animalhealth. More than two million people inthe United States become infected withantibiotic-resistant bacteria each year, andmore than 23,000 of them will die fromtheir infections. In 2015, approximately480,000 cases of MDR tuberculosisoccurred worldwide and another 100,000cases were resistant to at least one antibiotic.In the United States, cases of drugresistantenterobacteriaceae infectionsincreased three-fold between 2001 and2012. In 2016, a woman in Nevada died ofa Klebsiella pneumoniae infection caused bya strain that was resistant to 26 differentantibiotics, including colistin, which is consideredthe “last resort” antibiotic.One factor leading to the spread ofMDR bacteria is the selective pressurebrought about by repeated exposure toantibiotics. Worldwide, livestock consume used as feed supplements. The routineuse of antibiotics in livestock feed and theoveruse of human…
- Because of overuse of antibiotics and/or weakened governmental surveillance of infectious disease, several diseasesthat had been thought to be no longer a threat to humanhealth (e.g., pneumonia and tuberculosis) are rapidly becoming unmanageable. In several instances, so-called superbugs(microorganisms that are resistant to almost all known antibiotics) have been detected. How did this circumstancearise? What will happen if this process continues?Why does the population of S. aureus bacteria not pose a life-ordeath health threat outright?What risk would a spore-forming bacterial speciesrun if it did not produce any spores until conditionsbecame adverse?