What amount of thermal energy (in kJ) is required to convert 221 g of ice at -16 °C completely to water vapour at 214 °C? The melting point of water is 0 °C and its normal boiling point is 100 °C. The heat of fusion of water is 6.02 kJ mol-¹ The heat of vaporization of water at its normal boiling point is 40.7 kJ mol-¹ The specific heat capacity of ice is 2.09 J g¯¹ °C-¹ The specific heat capacity of liquid water is 4.18 J g¯¹ °C-¹ The specific heat capacity of water vapour is 2 01 Lg1-1
States of Matter
The substance that constitutes everything in the universe is known as matter. Matter comprises atoms which in turn are composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons. Different atoms combine together to give rise to molecules that act as a foundation for all kinds of substances. There are five states of matter based on their energies of attraction, namely solid, liquid, gases, plasma, and BEC (Bose-Einstein condensates).
Chemical Reactions and Equations
When a chemical species is transformed into another chemical species it is said to have undergone a chemical reaction. It consists of breaking existing bonds and forming new bonds by changing the position of electrons. These reactions are best explained using a chemical equation.
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