Wayne Inc. expects to maintain the same inventories at the end of the year as the beginning of the year. The estimated fixed costs for the year are P288,000, and the estimated variable costs per unit are P14. It is expected that P60,000 units will be sold at a price of P20 per unit. Maximum sales within the relevant range are 70,000 units. Instructions: 1. What is (a) contribution margin ratio and (b) the unit contribution margin. 2. Determine the break-even points in units. 3. Construct a cost- volume- profit chart, indicating the break-even point.
Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis
Cost Volume Profit (CVP) analysis is a cost accounting method that analyses the effect of fluctuating cost and volume on the operating profit. Also known as break-even analysis, CVP determines the break-even point for varying volumes of sales and cost structures. This information helps the managers make economic decisions on a short-term basis. CVP analysis is based on many assumptions. Sales price, variable costs, and fixed costs per unit are assumed to be constant. The analysis also assumes that all units produced are sold and costs get impacted due to changes in activities. All costs incurred by the company like administrative, manufacturing, and selling costs are identified as either fixed or variable.
Marginal Costing
Marginal cost is defined as the change in the total cost which takes place when one additional unit of a product is manufactured. The marginal cost is influenced only by the variations which generally occur in the variable costs because the fixed costs remain the same irrespective of the output produced. The concept of marginal cost is used for product pricing when the customers want the lowest possible price for a certain number of orders. There is no accounting entry for marginal cost and it is only used by the management for taking effective decisions.
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