Water at 20°C flows through the elbow as shown and exits to the atmosphere. The pipe diameter is D₁ = 10 cm, while D₂ = 3 cm. At a weight flow rate of 150 N/s, the pressure p₁ = 2.3 atm (gage). Neglecting the weight of water and elbow, estimate the force on the flange bolts at section 1.

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Properties of Fluids

The term fluid represents a type of substance that can easily change its shape under any external pressure/force and can flow. Fluids can acquire any shape in which it is stored and can resist normal stresses but cannot resist shear stress in rest condition. Whenever external shear stress is applied to fluids, it starts to flow. The fluids may be liquid or gas. Example- water, air, etc.