Vasopressin, a nonapeptide hormone secreted by the pituitary gland, functions by stimulating the kidney to retain water. Its sequence was determined by the following evidence: 1. Vasopressin is a cyclic compound containing a disulfide bridge between two cysteine residues. 2. When the disulfide bridge is reduced, vasopressin has the constitution Arg, Asn, Cys2, Gln, Gly, Ile, Phe, Pro. 3. Partial hydrolysis of vasopressin yields seven fragments: Asp-Cys, Ile-Glu, Cys-Phe, Arg-Gly, Phe-Ile-Glu, Glu-Asp-Cys, Cys-Pro-Arg. 4. Gly is the C-terminal group. 5. Both Glu and Asp are present as their side chain amides (Gln and Asn) rather than as free side-chain acids. From the above information, determine the primary sequence of vasopressin and then draw the structure of the Phe-Ile-Glu fragment as it would exist in the intact peptide.

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Osmosis

In simple words, osmosis is the slow, gradual movement of a liquid through a membrane. But there are nuances to this process. For instance, there has to be an imbalance in the distribution of solute in the liquid on either side of the membrane, which has to be semipermeable. The liquid in the region with a lower solute concentration moves to the region with a higher concentration, thereby displacing the solution in the process. The objective is to equalize the concentration of molecules on both sides of the membrane; the displacement of liquid can be viewed as a byproduct of this equalization. Since there is no energy required to carry osmosis, it is considered a passive process.