Valence electrons in an atom of phosphorus are closer to the nucleus than the valence electrons of aluminum because: (A) P has a greater effective nuclear charge and a greater shielding than Al. (B) P has a greater effective nuclear charge with the same shielding as Al. (C) P has the same effective nuclear charge with greater shielding than Al. (D) P has the same effective nuclear charge and the same shielding as Al.

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A:

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