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Using the answers to the questions attached answer the question: Why are compounds composed of integer ratios of elements?

Using the answers to the questions attached answer the question: Why are compounds composed of integer ratios of elements?

Chemistry
Chemistry
10th Edition
ISBN:9781305957404
Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Chapter1: Chemical Foundations
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...
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Using the answers to the questions attached answer the question: Why are compounds composed of integer ratios of elements?

1) What is an ion? Explain the difference between a monatomic and polyatomic ion. An ion is a charged atom with #protons # # electrons. On page three, paragraph one states, "The prefix poly- means many and atomic refers to atoms, so a polyatomic ion is an ion that contains more than one atom. This differentiates polyatomic ions from monatomic ions, which contain only one atom." An ion containing only one atom is referred to as a monatomic ion. There are also polyatomic ions, which contain more than one atom. A monatomic ion is a single charged atom, with the number of protons not equal to the number of electrons. A polyatomic ion is a group of covalently-bonded atoms, with the total number of protons not equal to the total number of electrons. On page two, the ionic compound shows an ionic bond formed between aluminum (Al) and chlorine (C1). Cl-1 atom needs only 1 electron to complete its valence shell. The three electrons lost by aluminum are balanced by 3 chlorine atoms. Therefore, the formula for Al and C1 is AIC13. 2) Explain the Octet Rule. Atoms tend to have eight electrons in their valence shell according to the octet rule. S-block and P- block elements obey the Octet rule. In the text, it states, "The Octet rule describes the tendency of atoms to prefer valence shells with eight electrons. As atoms have fewer electrons, they tend to react and form more stable compounds. When discussing the octet rule, d or f electrons are not considered." As an electron configuration, S2P6 follows the octet rule. It is a stable noble gas configuration. On the first page, the Bohr model's image shows an ionic bond. We can see electrons being transferred from the metal atom to the nonmetal atom. The cation Na and the anion C1 respectively attract each other and this attraction is called an electrostatic force which leads to the formation of ionic bonds. Thus, ionic bonds are formed between sodium and chlorine leading to the formation of sodium chloride, NaCl.
Transcribed Image Text:1) What is an ion? Explain the difference between a monatomic and polyatomic ion. An ion is a charged atom with #protons # # electrons. On page three, paragraph one states, "The prefix poly- means many and atomic refers to atoms, so a polyatomic ion is an ion that contains more than one atom. This differentiates polyatomic ions from monatomic ions, which contain only one atom." An ion containing only one atom is referred to as a monatomic ion. There are also polyatomic ions, which contain more than one atom. A monatomic ion is a single charged atom, with the number of protons not equal to the number of electrons. A polyatomic ion is a group of covalently-bonded atoms, with the total number of protons not equal to the total number of electrons. On page two, the ionic compound shows an ionic bond formed between aluminum (Al) and chlorine (C1). Cl-1 atom needs only 1 electron to complete its valence shell. The three electrons lost by aluminum are balanced by 3 chlorine atoms. Therefore, the formula for Al and C1 is AIC13. 2) Explain the Octet Rule. Atoms tend to have eight electrons in their valence shell according to the octet rule. S-block and P- block elements obey the Octet rule. In the text, it states, "The Octet rule describes the tendency of atoms to prefer valence shells with eight electrons. As atoms have fewer electrons, they tend to react and form more stable compounds. When discussing the octet rule, d or f electrons are not considered." As an electron configuration, S2P6 follows the octet rule. It is a stable noble gas configuration. On the first page, the Bohr model's image shows an ionic bond. We can see electrons being transferred from the metal atom to the nonmetal atom. The cation Na and the anion C1 respectively attract each other and this attraction is called an electrostatic force which leads to the formation of ionic bonds. Thus, ionic bonds are formed between sodium and chlorine leading to the formation of sodium chloride, NaCl.
3) Explain the image, below: Mg. The above image shows the very first step in the Lewis Dot Structure. "To draw a Lewis Structure, start with the atomic symbol in the middle, then put dots around the symbol until all of the valence electrons are represented." Mg is the element symbol for magnesium. The two dots in the image shows valence electrons. Magnesium has two valence electrons in its outer shell. To find the number of valence electrons in Magnesium we could look at the group A periodic table on page two. Magnesium belongs to group 2A. As Mg belongs to group 2, it has 2 valence electrons. 4) What types of elements form ionic bonds? Why? Ionic bonds are formed between metals and nonmetals. On page one, paragraph three states, "One way an atom can satisfy the Octet Rule is by transferring valence electrons from one atom to another." The Octet Rule is achieved by the transfer of valence electrons from one atom to another. By completely transferring electrons from one atom to another, ionic bonds are formed. The Bohr Models image on page one shows us the elements sodium and chlorine. It is important to note that sodium is a metal while chlorine is a nonmetal. Sodium is located in group 1A, which means it has one valence electron. Chlorine is located in group 7A, which means it has seven valence electrons. NaCl is made of Na+1 with C1-1. Metal atoms will always lose electrons. Therefore, the valence electron from Na will be transferred to chlorine. Chlorine now has eight electrons which means that the octet rule is satisfied. Thus, an ionic bond forms between Na and C1.
Transcribed Image Text:3) Explain the image, below: Mg. The above image shows the very first step in the Lewis Dot Structure. "To draw a Lewis Structure, start with the atomic symbol in the middle, then put dots around the symbol until all of the valence electrons are represented." Mg is the element symbol for magnesium. The two dots in the image shows valence electrons. Magnesium has two valence electrons in its outer shell. To find the number of valence electrons in Magnesium we could look at the group A periodic table on page two. Magnesium belongs to group 2A. As Mg belongs to group 2, it has 2 valence electrons. 4) What types of elements form ionic bonds? Why? Ionic bonds are formed between metals and nonmetals. On page one, paragraph three states, "One way an atom can satisfy the Octet Rule is by transferring valence electrons from one atom to another." The Octet Rule is achieved by the transfer of valence electrons from one atom to another. By completely transferring electrons from one atom to another, ionic bonds are formed. The Bohr Models image on page one shows us the elements sodium and chlorine. It is important to note that sodium is a metal while chlorine is a nonmetal. Sodium is located in group 1A, which means it has one valence electron. Chlorine is located in group 7A, which means it has seven valence electrons. NaCl is made of Na+1 with C1-1. Metal atoms will always lose electrons. Therefore, the valence electron from Na will be transferred to chlorine. Chlorine now has eight electrons which means that the octet rule is satisfied. Thus, an ionic bond forms between Na and C1.
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