Useful constants: N= 6.022 x 103 mol"; k= 1.381 x 10-23 J K-'; h=6.626 x 10- Js; c = 2.998 - 10* ms"!.) 1.1 During a spectroscopic transition the wavelength of radiation absorbed is found to be 400 nm. Express this in terms of (a) wave number (in cm), (b) frequency, (c) energy (in J), and (d) energy per mole (J mol).
Formal Charges
Formal charges have an important role in organic chemistry since this concept helps us to know whether an atom in a molecule is neutral/bears a positive or negative charge. Even if some molecules are neutral, the atoms within that molecule need not be neutral atoms.
Polarity Of Water
In simple chemical terms, polarity refers to the separation of charges in a chemical species leading into formation of two polar ends which are positively charged end and negatively charged end. Polarity in any molecule occurs due to the differences in the electronegativities of the bonded atoms. Water, as we all know has two hydrogen atoms bonded to an oxygen atom. As oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen thus, there exists polarity in the bonds which is why water is known as a polar solvent.
Valence Bond Theory Vbt
Valence bond theory (VBT) in simple terms explains how individual atomic orbitals with an unpaired electron each, come close to each other and overlap to form a molecular orbital giving a covalent bond. It gives a quantum mechanical approach to the formation of covalent bonds with the help of wavefunctions using attractive and repulsive energies when two atoms are brought from infinity to their internuclear distance.
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N= 6.022 x 1023 mol-; k=1,381 × 10-23 J K-'; h= 6.626 × 10-34 Js; c = 2.998
(Useful constants:
x 10 ms-'.)
1.1 During a spectroscopic transition the wavelength of radiation absorbed is found to be 400 nm.
Express this in terms of (a) wave number (in cm'), (b) frequency, (c) energy (in J), and (d) energy
per mole (J mol').
1.2 The energy of a microwave photon, absorbed during rotation transition of a molecule, is 1.98 x
1024 J. Calculate wavelength and energy absorbed by I mol of the molecules.
1.3 Find frequency, wavelength and wave number of the light with photons of energy 1 eV per photon.
1.4 The ionizationi energy- of an organic molecule is 15 eV. What should be the wavelength of the
radiation which may ionize the molecule?
¡1.5 The bond enthalpies of organic compounds generally around 400 kJ mol-'. What will be the
wavelength and frequency of the radiation which corresponds to this energy?
1.6 When a monochromatic radiation is allowed to fall on a solution of a compound with concentration
Ó.05 M, the intensity of the incident radiation reduces to one fifth of the initial value. If the
pathlength is 1 cm, calculate molar extinction coefficient. /
1.7 2.0x 10 M solution of a compound transmits 20 per cent of the incident radiation of wavelength
400 nm in a cuvette of 1 cm width. Calculate molar extinction coefficient,
1.8 Convert the following spectroscopic quantities as indicated:
2000 cm to µm
0.15 nm
to Hz
to cm-
to cm-
500 nm
9 GHz
State in which region of the electromagnetic spectrum you would expect each to appear, and wh
sort of transition each corresponds to.
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