Use the scheme above to calculate how many moles of ATP is needed for transporting 1 mole of glucose through a human intestinal cell. 1. Write the step by step plan of how you will solve the problem. 2. Write formulas you will use to solve the problem. 3. Show calculations.
Electron Transport Chain
The electron transport chain, also known as the electron transport system, is a group of proteins that transfer electrons through a membrane within mitochondria to create a gradient of protons that drives adenosine triphosphate (ATP)synthesis. The cell uses ATP as an energy source for metabolic processes and cellular functions. ETC involves series of reactions that convert redox energy from NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) + hydrogen (H)) and FADH2(flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)) oxidation into proton-motive force(PMF), which is then used to synthesize ATP through conformational changes in the ATP synthase complex, a process known as oxidative phosphorylation.
Metabolism
Picture a campfire. It keeps the body warm on a cold night and provides light. To ensure that the fire keeps burning, fuel needs to be added(pieces of wood in this case). When a small piece is added, the fire burns bright for a bit and then dies down unless more wood is added. But, if too many pieces are placed at a time, the fire escalates and burns for a longer time, without actually burning away all the pieces that have been added. Many of them, especially the larger chunks or damp pieces, remain unburnt.
Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration is the cellular process involved in the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules from the organic nutritional source obtained from the diet. It is a universal process observed in all types of life forms. The glucose (chemical formula C6H12O6) molecules are the preferred raw material for cell respiration as it possesses a simple structure and is highly efficient in nature.
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![Intestinal
lumen
Microvilli
2 Na
Glucose
Na-glucose
symporter
(driven by high
extracellular
[Na])
Epithelial cell
Blood
2K+
3 Na+
00
Na K
ATPase
Glucose
Glucose uniporter
GLUT2 (facilitates
downhill efflux)
1. Write the step by step plan of how you will solve
the problem.
Membrane potential -50mV (inside negative)
Concentration of Na+ inside the cell is 12mM,
Concentration of Na+ in the food is 120 mM;
Concentration of Na+ in the blood is 140 mM
Concentration of K+ inside the cell is 140 mm
Concentration of K+ in the blood is 4 mM
Concentration of Glucose in intestine 0.1mM
Concentration of Glucose inside enterocyte 12mM
Concentration of Glucose in blood 5mM
Use the scheme above to calculate how many
moles of ATP is needed for transporting 1 mole of R= 8.315 J/mol K;
glucose through a human intestinal cell.
2. Write formulas you will use to solve the problem.
3. Show calculations.
Free-energy change for ATP hydrolysis in the
intact enterocyte is (-50 kJ/mol)
OK (absolute zero) = -273 Celcius
F (Faraday constant) = 96,480 J/V](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F879bdda1-3d89-4f39-a45e-43f5b04b9215%2F0b071144-3455-4b15-80e3-3516d0bc873a%2Ftr8wwmv_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
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