use a x^2 test to test the claim that in the given contingency table, the row variable and the column variable are independent. 160 students who were majoring in either math or English were asked a test question, and the researcher recorded whether they answered the question correctly. The sample results are given below. At the 0.10 significance level, test the claim response and major are independent
Addition Rule of Probability
It simply refers to the likelihood of an event taking place whenever the occurrence of an event is uncertain. The probability of a single event can be calculated by dividing the number of successful trials of that event by the total number of trials.
Expected Value
When a large number of trials are performed for any random variable ‘X’, the predicted result is most likely the mean of all the outcomes for the random variable and it is known as expected value also known as expectation. The expected value, also known as the expectation, is denoted by: E(X).
Probability Distributions
Understanding probability is necessary to know the probability distributions. In statistics, probability is how the uncertainty of an event is measured. This event can be anything. The most common examples include tossing a coin, rolling a die, or choosing a card. Each of these events has multiple possibilities. Every such possibility is measured with the help of probability. To be more precise, the probability is used for calculating the occurrence of events that may or may not happen. Probability does not give sure results. Unless the probability of any event is 1, the different outcomes may or may not happen in real life, regardless of how less or how more their probability is.
Basic Probability
The simple definition of probability it is a chance of the occurrence of an event. It is defined in numerical form and the probability value is between 0 to 1. The probability value 0 indicates that there is no chance of that event occurring and the probability value 1 indicates that the event will occur. Sum of the probability value must be 1. The probability value is never a negative number. If it happens, then recheck the calculation.
4. use a x^2 test to test the claim that in the given
![## Testing Independence Using Chi-Squared (χ²) Test
### Problem Statement:
We want to test the claim that, in the given contingency table, the row variable (major) and the column variable (test response) are independent.
A total of 160 students majoring in either math or English were asked a test question, and the researcher recorded whether they answered the question correctly. The sample results are as follows:
| Major | Correct | Incorrect |
|--------|---------|-----------|
| Math | 27 | 53 |
| English| 43 | 37 |
At the 0.10 significance level, we will test the claim that the response and major are independent.
### Steps to Perform Chi-Squared (χ²) Test:
#### i. Hypothesis
- **Null Hypothesis (H₀):** The student’s major and their response to the test question are independent.
- **Alternative Hypothesis (H₁):** The student’s major and their response to the test question are not independent.
#### ii. Test Statistics
The Chi-Squared test statistic (χ²) can be calculated using the formula:
\[ \chi^2 = \sum \frac{(O_i - E_i)^2}{E_i} \]
Where:
- \( O_i \) is the observed frequency.
- \( E_i \) is the expected frequency, calculated as:
\[ E_i = \frac{(row \, total \times column \, total)}{grand \, total} \]
To find \( \chi^2 \), first, we need to calculate the expected frequencies for each cell in the contingency table:
| Major | Correct | Incorrect | Row Total
|--------|---------|-----------|----------|
| Math | 27 | 53 | 80 |
| English| 43 | 37 | 80 |
| **Column Total** | 70 | 90 | 160 |
Calculation of expected frequencies:
- Expected frequency for Math correct: \( E_{Math, Correct} = \frac{(80 \times 70)}{160} = 35 \)
- Expected frequency for Math incorrect: \( E_{Math, Incorrect} = \frac{(80 \times 90)}{160} = 45 \)
- Expected frequency for English correct: \( E_{English, Correct} = \](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F92ee8360-be58-4795-911c-60ca89893bae%2F8b470f91-011a-4a41-9b5b-ed80a8c24d98%2F06ix83d_reoriented.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
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