Homework Help is Here – Start Your Trial Now!
Science
Chemistry
Unlike alcohols which are very unreactive owing to the inability of the hydroxyl to break away on its own, alkyl bromides are very active because the halides are generally good leaving groups. Halides, therefore, are very useful in synthesis because they can be converted to other functional groups. The problem, however, is the difficulty in controlling their behaviors because they react in various pathways, such as SN1, SN2, El and E2. SN2 mechanism occurs when the leaving group is beaking away as the nucleophile attacks the alpha C. This mechanism, therefore, requires that the nucleophile attacks the alpha carbon at the backside because frontside attack inhibits the interaction of the nucleophile and the alpha C because of steric hindrance due to the bulky halide leaving group. This backside attack also results into configuration inversion of the product. SN1, on the other, is not limited to backside attack because by the time the nucleophile attacks, the leaving group is already gone. The problem, however, with SN1 is the possible proliferation of multiple products due to carbocation rearrangement. lide reacte clen SN1 roact

Unlike alcohols which are very unreactive owing to the inability of the hydroxyl to break away on its own, alkyl bromides are very active because the halides are generally good leaving groups. Halides, therefore, are very useful in synthesis because they can be converted to other functional groups. The problem, however, is the difficulty in controlling their behaviors because they react in various pathways, such as SN1, SN2, El and E2. SN2 mechanism occurs when the leaving group is beaking away as the nucleophile attacks the alpha C. This mechanism, therefore, requires that the nucleophile attacks the alpha carbon at the backside because frontside attack inhibits the interaction of the nucleophile and the alpha C because of steric hindrance due to the bulky halide leaving group. This backside attack also results into configuration inversion of the product. SN1, on the other, is not limited to backside attack because by the time the nucleophile attacks, the leaving group is already gone. The problem, however, with SN1 is the possible proliferation of multiple products due to carbocation rearrangement. lide reacte clen SN1 roact

Chemistry
Chemistry
10th Edition
ISBN:9781305957404
Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Chapter1: Chemical Foundations
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...
See similar textbooks
icon
Related questions
icon
Concept explainers
Question
100%

Can somone help? It says I got 3 of the 20 blanks incorrect. 

dimethyl sulfoxide Unlike alcohols which are very unreactive owing to the inability of the hydroxyl to break away on hydroxyl its own, alkyl bromides are very active because the halides are generally good leaving groups. Halides, therefore, are very useful in synthesis because they can be converted to other aprotic functional groups . The problem, however, is the difficulty in controlling their behaviors because they react in various pathways, such as SN1, SN2, E1 and E2. accelerate steric hindrance polar SN2 mechanism occurs when the leaving group is beaking away as the nucleophile attacks the alpha C. This mechanism, therefore, requires that the nucleophile attacks the alpha carbon at the backside because frontside attack inhibits the interaction of the nucleophile and the alpha C because Rate = k[RX]|nucleophile] primary of steric hindrance due to the bulky halide leaving group. This backside attack also results into t - Buo configuration inversion of the product. SNI, on the other, is not limited to backside attack because strong base by the time the nucleophile attacks, the leaving group is already gone. The problem, however, with SN1 is the possible proliferation of multiple products due to carbocation rearrangement. weak base leaving group Therefore, a tertiary alkyl halide reacts with a nucleophile via SN1, while a primary reacts via alpha carbon SN2. E2 SN2 reaction rates also vary with the strength of the nucleophile. This idea is validated by the good experimental rate equation for SN2 which shows that Rate = k[RX][nucleophile] . Therefore, a functional groups primary alkyl halide needs a nucleophile , but a strong base . If the nucleophile is a strong strong nucleophile base as well, such as t - Buo . primary alkyl halides undergo elimination instead via E2 carbocation The solvent affects the SN2 rate as well. Solvents in SN2 reactions of alkyl halides are general inversion strong base , but aprotic . Protic solvents turn bases into poor nucleophile. Therefore, protic Rate = k[RX) solvents , such as alcohols and water slow down SN2 reactions. However, dimethyl sulfoxide nucleophile is a very good solvents for SN2 reactions. slow down tertiary
Transcribed Image Text:dimethyl sulfoxide Unlike alcohols which are very unreactive owing to the inability of the hydroxyl to break away on hydroxyl its own, alkyl bromides are very active because the halides are generally good leaving groups. Halides, therefore, are very useful in synthesis because they can be converted to other aprotic functional groups . The problem, however, is the difficulty in controlling their behaviors because they react in various pathways, such as SN1, SN2, E1 and E2. accelerate steric hindrance polar SN2 mechanism occurs when the leaving group is beaking away as the nucleophile attacks the alpha C. This mechanism, therefore, requires that the nucleophile attacks the alpha carbon at the backside because frontside attack inhibits the interaction of the nucleophile and the alpha C because Rate = k[RX]|nucleophile] primary of steric hindrance due to the bulky halide leaving group. This backside attack also results into t - Buo configuration inversion of the product. SNI, on the other, is not limited to backside attack because strong base by the time the nucleophile attacks, the leaving group is already gone. The problem, however, with SN1 is the possible proliferation of multiple products due to carbocation rearrangement. weak base leaving group Therefore, a tertiary alkyl halide reacts with a nucleophile via SN1, while a primary reacts via alpha carbon SN2. E2 SN2 reaction rates also vary with the strength of the nucleophile. This idea is validated by the good experimental rate equation for SN2 which shows that Rate = k[RX][nucleophile] . Therefore, a functional groups primary alkyl halide needs a nucleophile , but a strong base . If the nucleophile is a strong strong nucleophile base as well, such as t - Buo . primary alkyl halides undergo elimination instead via E2 carbocation The solvent affects the SN2 rate as well. Solvents in SN2 reactions of alkyl halides are general inversion strong base , but aprotic . Protic solvents turn bases into poor nucleophile. Therefore, protic Rate = k[RX) solvents , such as alcohols and water slow down SN2 reactions. However, dimethyl sulfoxide nucleophile is a very good solvents for SN2 reactions. slow down tertiary
Expert Solution
steps

Step by step

Solved in 2 steps

SEE SOLUTIONCheck out a sample Q&A here
Blurred answer
Knowledge Booster
Ethers
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, chemistry and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.
Similar questions
Recommended textbooks for you
Chemistry
Chemistry
Chemistry
ISBN:
9781305957404
Author:
Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher:
Cengage Learning
Chemistry
Chemistry
Chemistry
ISBN:
9781259911156
Author:
Raymond Chang Dr., Jason Overby Professor
Publisher:
McGraw-Hill Education
Principles of Instrumental Analysis
Principles of Instrumental Analysis
Chemistry
ISBN:
9781305577213
Author:
Douglas A. Skoog, F. James Holler, Stanley R. Crouch
Publisher:
Cengage Learning
Organic Chemistry
Organic Chemistry
Chemistry
ISBN:
9780078021558
Author:
Janice Gorzynski Smith Dr.
Publisher:
McGraw-Hill Education
Chemistry: Principles and Reactions
Chemistry: Principles and Reactions
Chemistry
ISBN:
9781305079373
Author:
William L. Masterton, Cecile N. Hurley
Publisher:
Cengage Learning
Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes, Bind…
Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes, Bind…
Chemistry
ISBN:
9781118431221
Author:
Richard M. Felder, Ronald W. Rousseau, Lisa G. Bullard
Publisher:
WILEY
SEE MORE TEXTBOOKS