Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are the organic compounds that are obtained in foods and living matters in the shape of sugars, cellulose, and starch. The general formula of carbohydrates is Cn(H2O)2. The ratio of H and O present in carbohydrates is identical to water.
Starch
Starch is a polysaccharide carbohydrate that belongs to the category of polysaccharide carbohydrates.
Mutarotation
The rotation of a particular structure of the chiral compound because of the epimerization is called mutarotation. It is the repercussion of the ring chain tautomerism. In terms of glucose, this can be defined as the modification in the equilibrium of the α- and β- glucose anomers upon its dissolution in the solvent water. This process is usually seen in the chemistry of carbohydrates.
L Sugar
A chemical compound that is represented with a molecular formula C6H12O6 is called L-(-) sugar. At the carbon’s 5th position, the hydroxyl group is placed to the compound’s left and therefore the sugar is represented as L(-)-sugar. It is capable of rotating the polarized light’s plane in the direction anticlockwise. L isomers are one of the 2 isomers formed by the configurational stereochemistry of the carbohydrates.
![### Reaction Pathways and Stereochemistry
This section illustrates two reaction pathways, showcasing the importance of stereochemistry in organic reactions.
#### Schematic Representation of Reaction 1:
The first reaction begins with a carbon center (denoted with an asterisk) attached to:
- A hydroxyl group (OH)
- A deuterium atom (D)
- An ethyl group (CH3CH2)
- A variable group (R)
This structure is converted to a new molecule where the carbon center is now bonded to a nitrile group (C≡N). The stereochemistry around the carbon center is retained.
#### Schematic Representation of Reaction 2:
The second reaction features a similar starting molecule with an almost identical configuration:
- Hydroxyl group (OH)
- Deuterium atom (D)
- Ethyl group (CH3CH2)
- Variable group (R)
In this case, the product after the reaction is a molecule where the carbon center (with retained stereochemistry) is bonded to an isothiocyanate group (C=S).
**Key Points**
* The diagrams show the specific 3D orientation of the bonds (dashed and wedged lines) to indicate the stereochemistry of the elements around the central carbon.
* The consistent use of "try" suggests this is an educational exercise, hinting that the task involves solving or predicting reaction products or pathways.
* The variable group (R) remains consistent in both reactants and products, indicating its preservation throughout the reactions.
#### Explanation of Symbols:
- **Hydrogen (H)**: A simple hydrogen atom.
- **Deuterium (D)**: An isotope of hydrogen denoted by "D".
- **Ethyl Group (CH3CH2)**: A common alkyl substituent.
- **R Group**: Represents a variable substituent which may differ depending on the specific molecule under consideration.
- **Nitrile Group (C≡N)**: A functional group containing a carbon triple-bonded to a nitrogen.
- **Isothiocyanate Group (C=S)**: A functional group featuring a carbon double-bonded to sulfur and nitrogen.
#### Diagram Interpretation:
- Bold, solid lines: Bonds lying in the plane of the paper.
- Dashed lines: Bonds extending behind the plane of the paper.
- Wedged lines: Bonds projected out of the plane of the paper.
These representations are crucial for understanding how the spatial arrangement of atoms influences](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F1e08f424-16ff-4515-b785-4dbb9ddca6ee%2F939e84d8-b2bf-4a1b-ae25-8df19ed129c4%2Fvj0ejlh_processed.png&w=3840&q=75)
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