True or false Tolerance to commensal microbes can be broken and effector immune responses elicited if these bacteria across the GI epithelium and enter lymphatic system or bloodstream

Q: The Basophil or “flamer” emits heparin during an allergic reaction. Heparin prevents blood from…

A: A blood clot or a thrombus is a semi-solid mass of blood cells that are entrapped within a mesh of…

Q: Macrophage, when they encounter an antigen or pathogen release:     Histamines.…

A: INTRODUCTION Macrophages These are cells that helps in phagocytosis.

Q: The term for a circumscribed collection of pus deep in the tissues is

A: Answer : Abscess. - the term for a circumscribed collection of pus deep in the tissue is called…

Q: Increase in body temperature should increase the rate of metabolism of microbes instead of killing…

A: A fever is a body temperature that is higher than normal. A normal temperature can vary from person…

Q: Describe how the skin and mucous membranes play an integral role in helping the body protect itself…

A: Introduction :- Some organs and bodily cavities have a wet inner lining (such as the nose, mouth,…

Q: contain undigested material and are used by the body from future infections. residual bodies, immune…

A: White blood cells are cells present in plasma of human body to protect them from infections.  WBC…

Q: Which of the following would represent an "opportunity" for an opportunistic pathogen?…

A: The term "opportunistic pathogen" refers to an infectious pathogen that is regularly found in the…

Q: Which of the following cell functions in the immune response in the skin?     Merkel cell…

A: Skin is a protective envelope around the body and is a part of integumentary system. It comprises of…

Q: Eosinophils are proinflammatory mediators : they function in allergy, parasite eradication, and…

A: Eosinophil is a type of WBC and they play a significant role in immune system to fight off…

Q: Contrast the pathways of complement activation.

A: The complement system consists of about thirty serum proteins and also some cell surface…

Q: Is it a good idea to reduce fever if fever is a normal response to an abnormalprocess occurring in…

A: Infection is a condition during which invasion and multiplication of pathogens in the body are…

Q: npnold folicies.

A: The small intestine consists of organized lymphoid structures which are called Isolated lymphoid…

Q: Describe the anatomic location and function of tonsils.

A: Immune system is responsible for fighting infections. The main organs  of the immune system are the…

Q: External defenses against microbial invasion include the_____and the mucous membranes that line…

A: 1= SKIN

Q: Compare and contrast major characteristics of exotoxins and endotoxins. Characteristic Exotoxins…

A: Microbial toxins are noxious substances generated by microorganisms such as fungi and bacteria in…

Q: Describe the role of non-specific macrophages in preventing infection

A: The immune system of the body protects the organisms from the harmful pathogen. Pathogens are the…

Q: Name the five manifestations of inflammation; explainhow each is produced and the benefits of each.

A: Redness (rubor)  Swelling (tumour) Rise in temperature (calor) Pain (dolor)  Loss of function…

Q: Describe transferrins and dendritic cells in fighting off infection

A:

Q: Which is not an effector Tlymphocyte? cytoxic T lymphocyte helper T lymphocyte memory T lymphocyte

A: Human body has an extremely well developed immune system for the protection against pathogens. Human…

Q: List four benefits of fever.

A: Fever is the most common presenting complaint in the medical practice. It is defined as a body…

Q: Many microbial pathogens enter the gut of humans along with food. What are the preventive barriers…

A: There are many microbes which act as pathogen infect the food these pathogens easily enters our gut…

Q: A 2 year old girl presents with a fever and dizziness.  She has developed a characteristic rash on…

A: A viral infection is a type of infection caused by a virus. Viruses are small infectious agents that…

Q: Which is NOT a role of sebum in the innate immune system. Group of answer choices dehydrates…

A: Sebaceous glands are present on the skin. The glands are mostly present on the chin, forehead and…

Q: Large clusters of lymph nodes occur in all of the following locations except the     axillary…

A: Lymph nodes are found throughout the body. They are basically small, bean shaped glands which act as…

Q: What is mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)? Inwhat way is the location of MALT beneficial?

A: Lymphoid tissue is referred to as the organized structures principally responsible for carrying out…

Q: masses of lymphoid tissue in protective ring under the mucous membranes the mouth and the back of…

A: The lymphoid tissues are the tissues found in the lymphatic system. The lymphoid cells, tissues and…

Q: A client sustained minor skin injuries after an accident. Which event occurs close to the time of…

A: Wound healing is a complex process that involves several stages. These stages include hemostasis…

Q: A pyrogen causes O Phagocytosis O None of the listed answers are correct. Inflammation

A: Pyrogens are substances that can cause fever. They can be produced by body tissue or by pathogens,…

Q: Which of the following structures defend against pathogens by acting as a blood filter?     lymph…

A: Blood borne pathogens are defined as the infectious pathogenic organisms that are present in the…

Q: Endothelial budding

A: It is also known as angiogenesis. It is the process by which new blood vessels are formed from…

Q: e mucosa of esophagus contain Langerhans cells that act as antigen presenting cells * true False

A: Antigen presenting cells are specialised new cells that presents the foreign antigens on the surface…

Q: Name and explain the three outcomes after complement activation.

A: Three outcomes after complement fixation are:- 1)cell lysis- It occurs after insertion of membrane…

Q: Microbes and/or their products (endotoxins and lipopolysaccharides) : of all inflammations. are the…

A: The given statement is a false statement The underlying cause of inflammations is infectious agents…

Q: The first cells which respond to penetration of the skin by a penetrating thorn are:     immune…

A: Skin acts as a protective covering for the body minimising loss of water from the body tissues.…

Q: Describe the potential problems that would arise if a personhad an acquired inability to phagocytose…

A: Immunity can be defined as the ability of the organism to resist against infections or diseases by…

Q: Please explain why

A: Option a  Mesenteric lymph nodes

Q: Explain how unbroken skin, the phagocytic action of neutrophilsand macrophages, inflammation, and…

A: The body has a variety of defense mechanisms to prevent and fight off infections. The physical…

Q: explain the way in which complement reaction remains localized when active products leave the…

A: The immune system's effective phagocytosis and the functioning of antibodies are both enhanced by…

Q: Select one of the lymphatic organs and describe its location, particular function and describe the…

A: A tissue is a bunch of cells, in near vicinity, organized to perform one or more particular…

Q: Which of the following is not an outcome of complement activati O extravasation O inflammation O…

A: Complement system is a series of reactions which occurs as immune response to increase the…

Q: Identify two ways in which the immune responses in gut mucosal tissues contrast with those initiated…

A: Mucosal tissues are found in the body as plasma cells, which are mostly found on epithelial…

Q: Describe the immune response against Giardia lamblia. ?

A: Giardia lamblia (zooflagellate protozoan) is a gastrointestinal parasite that causes a diarrheal…

Pathogenicity

Infection and Transmission

The infections are generated by the pathogenic organisms present in the environment. They maintain the capacity to invade a host body and establish colonies. A disease caused by such infectious agents is called a communicable disease or transmissible disease. These diseases spread through diverse means including blood, food, water, air, or vectors.