TOT E. coli TCTTIIICTT тТАСTTTTTT AтСATGGGAG CCТАСТТССС GTTTTTCCCG K. pneumoniae TCIIIIICII IACTATIIC ATTAIGICAG CCTACTIICC TIIIIIICCG 201 250 ATTIGGCTAC ATGACATCAA CCATAICAGC AAAAGTGATA CGGGTAITAI GIGTGGC TGG CGGAAGTTAA CCATITAACC AAAACCGAGA CGGGTAITAI (a) A comparison of DNA sequences in a portion of the lacY gene from E. coli and K. pneumoniae Ancestral lacY gene FIGURE 24.9 The origin of homologous lac Y genes in Ancestral Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. (a) A comparison of the DNA sequences of a short region of the lacY gene from E. coli and K. pneumoniae. Bases that differ between the two genes are shown in red. (b) This figure emphasizes a single gene within an ancestral organism. During evolution, the ancestral organism diverged into many different species, including E. coli and K. pneumoniae. After this divergence, the lacY gene in the two species accumulated mutations, yielding lacY genes with somewhat different sequences. Genes-Traits After two species diverge evolutionarily, their genes accumulate different random mutations. This example concerns the lacY gene, which en- codes lactose permease. In both species, the function of lactose permease is to transport lactose into the cell. The lacY gene in these two species has ac- cumulated different mutations that alter the amino acid sequence of the pro- tein. Researchers have determined that these two species transport lactose at significantly different rates. Therefore, the changes in gene sequences have affected the ability of these two species to transport lactose. CONCEPT CHECK: Explain why the sequences of these two genes are similar to each other but not identical. organism Evolutionary separation of 2 (or more) distinct species E. coli K. pneumoniae lacY gene lacY gene Accumulation of random mutations in the 2 genes lacY gene lacY gene The seientifie eemmunity has collected genetic information- frem thousands of research labs and created-several large deta- þases. Table 24.4 describes some of the major genetic databases Mutation Mutation (b) The formation of homologous genes in two species, known as orthologs in use wiriwir These datakAS enable Parchers to access

Q: With a few exceptions, interspersed repetitive DNA in the human genome has no known biological…

A: Human genome: The term human genome refers to the complete set of genetic instructions or DNA that…

Q: Why is deleting one nucleotide generally more detrimental than deleting three?

A: Nucleotides are monomeric units of nucleic acids.They are phosphate esters of nucleosides and made…

Q: 1. a)What would happen if the aminoacyl tRNA synthetase responsible for charging alanine tRNAs also…

A: The polymerization of amino acids according to the codons on mRNA to form proteins is known as…

Q: If you know the sequence of amino acids in a protein, what does the genetic code table allow you to…

A: Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. Proteins serve as structural support inside the…

Q: Although DNA transposons are abundant in the genomes of multicellular eukaryotes, class 1 elements…

A: Transposons are called jumping genes they change their position within a Genome.

Q: Insulin is a peptide hormone encoded by the INS gene, which is on chromosome 11. Insulin is produced…

A: The hormone insulin is required by the body to reduce the level of blood glucose. The pancreatic…

Q: If I'm understanding your explanation correctly, do you mean that option D "At the 3’ end of the…

A:

Q: Would a gain of function mutaion that occurs in the first exon of a gene with twelve exons more…

A: Gain-of-function type of mutation is a mutation in which the altered gene product possesses a new…

Q: Given that there are about 20,000 human genes, how can human cells make 75,00o-100,000 different…

A: Given questions: How human cells make different proteins Difference between missense and nonsense.…

Q: Scientists have observed that individuals with LOW birthweight are MORE likely to become obese as…

A: The experiment performed to observed that individuals with LOW birthweight are MORE likely to become…

Q: Define `transcriptome'.  Briefly describe the genome tiling array technology to `visualize'…

A: Hi dear, here's your answer what you want.can you please give me a like for this answer. * Every one…

Q: You have created three different mutations in the histoneH1 protein (HISmut1, HISmut2, HISmut3), and…

A: Histone 1 is a type of protein involved in chromatin remodelling. It is a part of histone protein…

Q: Explain exactly what the X25 probe is and how it allows for visualization of mRNA from the patients.…

A: Frataxin is a mitochondrial protein responsible for iron binding. When the expression of this…

Q: In the absence of this enzyme, a substance called ceroid lipofuscin accumulates in lysosomes in the…

A: CRISPR is a DNA sequence that found in prokaryotic organism's genome like bacteria , archaea.…

Q: Based on the alignment of these protein sequences below, which [pairs] of the genes appear to be…

A: Based on the alignment of the protein sequences provided in the image, it appears that: SEQUENCE 2…

Structure and Composition of Cell Membrane

Despite differences in structure and function, all living cells in multicellular organisms are surrounded by a cell membrane. Just like the outer layer of the skin separates the body from its environment similarly, the cell membrane, also known as 'plasma membrane,' separates the inner content from its exterior environment.

Cell Membrane

The cell membrane is known by different names like plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane, or biological membrane. The term "cell membrane" was first introduced by C. Nageli and C. Cramer in the year 1855. Later on, in 1931, the term "plasmalemma" for cell membrane was given by J. Plowe. The cell membrane separates the cell's internal environment from the extracellular space. This separation allows the protection of cells from their environment. 

Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes

The cell is defined as the basic structural and functional unit of life. The cell membrane bounds it. It is capable of independent existence.