To help assess the health risks of second-hand smoke, the levels of cotinine (a metabolite of nicotine) were measured in mmol/l in the urine of seven subjects prior to exposure to second-hand smoke and shortly after a two-hour exposure to secondary cigarette smoke. Did the exposure significantly increase the cotinine level? Assume cotinine levels are not normally distributed and analyze with an appropriate sign test. **Cotinine Levels (mmol/l)**This table presents cotinine levels in mmol/l for different subjects before and after a specific condition or intervention.| Subject | Before | After ||---------|--------|-------|| 1 | 13 | 19 || 2 | 17 | 23 || 3 | 10 | 19 || 4 | 21 | 25 || 5 | 15 | 20 || 6 | 9 | 15 || 7 | 32 | 60 |### Analysis- **Subjects:** The table includes data for 7 subjects.- **Cotinine Levels:** - Each subject's cotinine levels are measured before and after a certain condition. - There is an apparent increase in cotinine levels for each subject from the "Before" to the "After" measurement.This data can be used to study the effects of particular interventions or exposures on cotinine levels in these individuals.

If the second-hand smoke seems to be effective, then taking the difference of before and after…

Answered: To help assess the health risks of…

MATLAB: An Introduction with Applications

6th Edition

ISBN:9781119256830

Author:Amos Gilat

Publisher:Amos Gilat

Chapter1: Starting With Matlab

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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To help assess the health risks of second-hand smoke, the levels of cotinine (a metabolite of nicotine) were measured in mmol/l in the urine of seven subjects prior to exposure to second-hand smoke and shortly after a two-hour exposure to secondary cigarette smoke. Did the exposure significantly increase the cotinine level? Assume cotinine levels are not normally distributed and analyze with an appropriate sign test.

**Cotinine Levels (mmol/l)**

This table presents cotinine levels in mmol/l for different subjects before and after a specific condition or intervention.

| Subject | Before | After |
|---------|--------|-------|
| 1 | 13 | 19 |
| 2 | 17 | 23 |
| 3 | 10 | 19 |
| 4 | 21 | 25 |
| 5 | 15 | 20 |
| 6 | 9 | 15 |
| 7 | 32 | 60 |

### Analysis

- **Subjects:** The table includes data for 7 subjects.
- **Cotinine Levels:**
- Each subject's cotinine levels are measured before and after a certain condition.
- There is an apparent increase in cotinine levels for each subject from the "Before" to the "After" measurement.

This data can be used to study the effects of particular interventions or exposures on cotinine levels in these individuals.

Features Features Normal distribution is characterized by two parameters, mean (µ) and standard deviation (σ). When graphed, the mean represents the center of the bell curve and the graph is perfectly symmetric about the center. The mean, median, and mode are all equal for a normal distribution. The standard deviation measures the data's spread from the center. The higher the standard deviation, the more the data is spread out and the flatter the bell curve looks. Variance is another commonly used measure of the spread of the distribution and is equal to the square of the standard deviation.

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