This problem is known as the Three prisoners problem. Three prisoners, A, B and C, are in separate cells and sentenced to death. The governor has selected one of them at random to be pardoned. The warden knows which one is pardoned, but is not allowed to tell. Prisoner A begs the warden to let him know the identity of one of the others who is going to be executed. If B is to be pardoned, give me C's name. If C is to be pardoned, give me B's name. And if I'm to be pardoned, ip a coin to decide whether to name B or C. The warden tells A that B is to be executed. Then, Prisoner A secretly tells C the news. Prisoner A says that he is pleased because his probability of surviving has gone up from 1/3 to 1/2, as it is now between him and C. Prisoner C says that he is pleased because A still has a chance of 1/3 to be the pardoned one, but his chance has gone up to 2/3.

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Topological Sort

Topological sort is a sorting technique that sets up a hierarchy in a process. In this technique, when a directed network has nodes connected by arrows, the root node is placed before the successor node.