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Brazil also experienced a similar period of expansion and reform after 1700. Portugal created new administrative positions and gave monopoly companies exclusive rights to little-developed regions. As in Spanish America, a more intrusive colonial government that imposed new taxes led to rebellions and plots, including open warfare in 1707 between local-born “sons of the soil” and “outsiders” in São Paulo. The most aggressive period of reform occurred during the ministry of the marquis of Pombal (1750–1777). The discovery in Brazil of gold in the 1690s and diamonds after 1720 financed the reforms. Brazil’s exports of minerals, as well as coffee and cotton, deepened dependence on the slave trade, and nearly 2 million African slaves, were imported in the eighteenth century.

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This colonial power subdued a revolt of "Sons of the Soil."

1. Portugal

2. Spain

3. England

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