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Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...
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What evidence led to these decisions? There should be at least one line per pair
Same or Different Species? The Species Continuum Background For organisms that reproduce with a partner, scientists generally define a species as a group of interbreeding individuals that don't breed with other groups. Using this definition, it's sometimes very clear when two organisms are separate species. Yet we also know that, through natural selection, populations change over time. How much does a population have to change before we can call it a new species? Part of the trickiness in defining a species comes from the fact that species do not often form in an instant. Usually, speciation is a process that happens gradually over long periods of time-typically thousands or even millions of years. What we can observe is just a snapshot of this process in time. Instructions 1. Get a set of Organism cards. 2. Read the information on each card, and decide whether you think the organisms described are the same or different species, or somewhere in between. Look for key information, such as: Do they interbreed? Do they live in the same habitat? Do they have different heritable traits? Are there differences in their DNA? 3. Arrange all of the cards in a line along a continuum: Definitely the Definitely different species Somewhere between same species
Transcribed Image Text:Same or Different Species? The Species Continuum Background For organisms that reproduce with a partner, scientists generally define a species as a group of interbreeding individuals that don't breed with other groups. Using this definition, it's sometimes very clear when two organisms are separate species. Yet we also know that, through natural selection, populations change over time. How much does a population have to change before we can call it a new species? Part of the trickiness in defining a species comes from the fact that species do not often form in an instant. Usually, speciation is a process that happens gradually over long periods of time-typically thousands or even millions of years. What we can observe is just a snapshot of this process in time. Instructions 1. Get a set of Organism cards. 2. Read the information on each card, and decide whether you think the organisms described are the same or different species, or somewhere in between. Look for key information, such as: Do they interbreed? Do they live in the same habitat? Do they have different heritable traits? Are there differences in their DNA? 3. Arrange all of the cards in a line along a continuum: Definitely the Definitely different species Somewhere between same species
Yellow and Olive Baboons Western & Eastern Coyotes Coyotes are a wild species related to wolves and dogs. Before about 1900, coyotes lived only in western North America. As they gradually expanded eastward, the first These two types of baboons live in Africa. Because they live in mostly separate areas, and they have clear differences in social structures, anatomy, and mating behavior, they are considered to be different species. Yet in an area in Kenya, they share a habitat. Where they meet, they interbreed, forming a "hybrid zone." For the most part, alleles from the olive population are making their way into the yellow zone, not vice versa. Genetic analysis suggests that this wave of coyotes met-and bred with-wolves, and later dogs, possibly because there weren't many coyote mates to be found. Today the descendants of these animals, known as eastern coyotes, live all over eastern North America, and they mate with other coyotes rather than dogs or wolves. Yet they carry significant numbers of wolf and dog alleles, hybridization has been going on for a long time, and that the olive population is slowly extending into the habitat of the yellow population. which probably contribute to their larger size, diverse coat colors, facial features, and other highly varied traits. Eurasian Blackcaps Dark & Light Rock Pocket Mice A large group of these songbirds spend their summers in Germany, where they mate and raise their young, and their winters in Spain. Within the last 60 or so years, a subgroup In the Southwestern United States, populations of rock has started overwintering in Britain. It turns out that migration direction is genetically programmed, so their offspring go to Britain too. Because they have a shorter pocket mice live in dry, rocky habitats. Some rock pocket mouse habitats contain a mixture of light-colored rocks flight, the British overwintering population tends to arrive in Germany earlier, where they pair up and mate with each other. This subpopulation is starting to look different, and interwoven with dark black lava flows. If you set out traps on the light-colored rocks, you'll catch mostly light-colored mice. On dark lava, you'll catch dark-colored mice. Yet the mice show no preference for mates of either color, and they freely interbreed. DNA testing can accurately determine where a bird over- wintered about 85% of the time.
Transcribed Image Text:Yellow and Olive Baboons Western & Eastern Coyotes Coyotes are a wild species related to wolves and dogs. Before about 1900, coyotes lived only in western North America. As they gradually expanded eastward, the first These two types of baboons live in Africa. Because they live in mostly separate areas, and they have clear differences in social structures, anatomy, and mating behavior, they are considered to be different species. Yet in an area in Kenya, they share a habitat. Where they meet, they interbreed, forming a "hybrid zone." For the most part, alleles from the olive population are making their way into the yellow zone, not vice versa. Genetic analysis suggests that this wave of coyotes met-and bred with-wolves, and later dogs, possibly because there weren't many coyote mates to be found. Today the descendants of these animals, known as eastern coyotes, live all over eastern North America, and they mate with other coyotes rather than dogs or wolves. Yet they carry significant numbers of wolf and dog alleles, hybridization has been going on for a long time, and that the olive population is slowly extending into the habitat of the yellow population. which probably contribute to their larger size, diverse coat colors, facial features, and other highly varied traits. Eurasian Blackcaps Dark & Light Rock Pocket Mice A large group of these songbirds spend their summers in Germany, where they mate and raise their young, and their winters in Spain. Within the last 60 or so years, a subgroup In the Southwestern United States, populations of rock has started overwintering in Britain. It turns out that migration direction is genetically programmed, so their offspring go to Britain too. Because they have a shorter pocket mice live in dry, rocky habitats. Some rock pocket mouse habitats contain a mixture of light-colored rocks flight, the British overwintering population tends to arrive in Germany earlier, where they pair up and mate with each other. This subpopulation is starting to look different, and interwoven with dark black lava flows. If you set out traps on the light-colored rocks, you'll catch mostly light-colored mice. On dark lava, you'll catch dark-colored mice. Yet the mice show no preference for mates of either color, and they freely interbreed. DNA testing can accurately determine where a bird over- wintered about 85% of the time.
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