There has been concern for some time that nitrite present in cured meats may result in theformation of carcinogenic N-nitrosamines in the stomach by reaction with amines in the diet. Itis possible to safely measure the amount of nitrosamine production in humans by administeringa large dose of proline and measuring the level of N-nitroso-proline, a non-toxic reactionproduct, excreted in the urine. You decide to test the hypothesis that eating a reasonableamount of cured meat will increase the amount of nitrosation taking place in the stomach inthe following way. Each of 6 subjects, who have been asked to avoid cured meats for theprevious week, is given a dose of proline and the excretion of N-nitroso-proline is measured for24 hours. Each subject is then fed a breakfast including 6 strips of bacon and a dose of proline;excretion of the nitrosated amino acid is again measured for 24 hours. You obtain the datalisted below in the form (basal µg excreted, µg excreted after bacon).Data: (3.1,2.8)(2.0,6.1)(4.2,2.9)(8.5,8.9)(5.1,4.5)1. What is the most appropriate statistical approach to test the hypothesis?a. t-test for paired samplesb. t-test for unpaired samplesC. ANOVA(1.1,6.0)d. Mann-Whitney U teste. Kruskal-Wallis test2. Did bacon consumption significantly increase the excretion of the N-nitroso-proline?

There are 6 subjects who have been asked to avoid cured meats for the previous week. They are given…

Answered: There has been concern for some time…

A First Course in Probability (10th Edition)

10th Edition

ISBN:9780134753119

Author:Sheldon Ross

Publisher:Sheldon Ross

Chapter1: Combinatorial Analysis

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1.1P: a. How many different 7-place license plates are possible if the first 2 places are for letters and...

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A clinical trial is being conducted in order to determine the efficacy of a new drug that will be used to treat Crohn’s disease. The efficacy of the medication will not only be determined by the physical improvement of symptoms but will also be determined by using a blood test to examine the concentration C-reactive protein (an inflammatory marker) in an individual’s blood. If the researcher wants a margin of error for the level of C-reactive protein to be less than or equal to 2.9 mg/dL and the standard deviation for C-reactive protein concentrations among Crohn’s disease patients was previously documented at 10.1 mg/dL, how many patients should be recruited for each group of individuals in the study, assuming a 95% confidence interval will be used to quantify the mean differences between the control group and the treatment group?
I want to assess whether or not students produce more stress hormones (cortisol) after watching different types of movies. I collect saliva samples (to assess cortisol, stress) from students after they watch an action movie and then another (two days later) after they watch a horror movie. The amount of stress hormone in the saliva is measured as ng/mL.Test the hypothesis that saliva cortisol levels will be different between the two genres of movies at an alpha of 0.05. (Have action - horror be set for your differences). a. What is the null hypothesis? b. What is the alternative hypothesis? Data: Action Movie Horror Movie 10 12 -2 15 18 -3 16 17 -1 20 21 -1 24 22 2 24 23 1 26 27 1 13 16 -3 18 20 -2 19 23 -4 20 15 5 24 25 1
Polychlorinated biphenyl is among a group of organicpollutants found in a variety of products, such as coolants
Data from the US Department of Energy’s US Energy Information Administration (eia.doe.gov) provides a look at the energy-related carbon dioxide emissions by end use sector (residential, commercial, industrial, transportation) from years 1990 to 2009. (Report # DOE/EIA0573(2009)). Here we would like to see if the CO2 emissions from the Industrial sector are less than that from the Transportation sector. Below are the results: 14. What type of study is this? a. Paired b. Two-Sample Independent 15. What type of plot would we use? a. Histogram of the differences b. Side-by-side boxplots c. Pie chart d. Bar graph 16. Was the HOV/pooled test used above (hint: look at the df)? YES NO 17. Is there evidence that the CO2 emissions from the Industrial sector are less than that from the Transportation sector? YES NO 18. If we were to test to see if there was a difference between the CO2 emissions from the Industrial sector and the Transportation sector, what would be the p-value? (report to 3…
A new analytical method to detect pollutants in water is being tested. This new method of chemical analysis is important because, if adopted, it could be used to detect three different contaminates - organic pollutants, volatile solvents, and chlorinated compounds - instead of having to use a single test for each pollutant. The makers of the test claim that it can detect high levels of organic pollutants with 99.6% accuracy, volatile solvents with 99.91% accuracy, and chlorinated compounds with 89.4% accuracy. If a pollutant is not present, the test does not signal. Samples are prepared for the calibration of the test and 60% of them are contaminated with organic pollutants, 27% with volatile solvents, and 13% with traces of chlorinated compounds. A test sample is selected randomly. (a) What is the probability that the test will signal? (b) If the test signals, what is the probability that the chlorinated compounds are present? Carry out all calculations exactly, then round the final…
Air pollutants common in U.S. cities include fine particulate matter (PM) and ozone (O3). PM is measured as “inhalable” particles 10 micrometers in diameter or “fine inhalable” particles 2.5 micrometers in diameter. Suppose that studies show, for a particular region, that cities exceed PM2.5 standards 20% of the time and exceed ozone standards 10% of the time. Assume that PM2.5 and ozone measurements are statistically independent. A) Determine the probability that a city, selected at random, exceeds one of the standards. B) If a city exceeds the standards, what is the probability that it exceeds only the PM2.5 standard?
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Someone claims the passing rate is different than 80%. They select 150 students and of those 108 passed. Given alpha is 0.10 what's the critical value?
A clinical trial is being conducted in order to determine the efficacy of a new drug that will be used to treat Crohn’s disease. The efficacy of the medication will not only be determined by the physical improvement of symptoms but will also be determined by using a blood test to examine the concentration C-reactive protein (an inflammatory marker) in an individual’s blood. If the researcher wants a margin of error for the level of C-reactive protein to be less than or equal to 2.9 mg/dL and the standard deviation for C-reactive protein concentrations among Crohn’s disease patients was previously documented at 10.1 mg/dL, how many patients should be recruited for each group of individuals in the study, assuming a 95% confidence interval will be used to quantify the mean differences between the control group and the treatment group? Group of answer choices nfor the treatment group = 12 and n for the control group = 12 nfor the treatment group = 14 and n for the control group = 14…
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There are three types of contaminants that spoils water. Organic pollutants (O), volatile solvents (V), and chlorinated compounds (C). A new analytical method to detect (D) contaminants in water is being tested. The makers of the test claim that it can detect high levels of organic pollutants with 98% accuracy, volatile solvents with 99% accuracy, and chlorinated components with 89% accuracy. If a pollutant is not present, the test does not signal. Samples are prepared for the calibration of the test and 60% of them are contaminated with organic pollutants, 27% with volatile solvents, and 13% with traces of chlorinated compounds. A test sample is selected randomly. (a) What is the probability that the test will signal? (b) If the test signals, what is the probability that volatile solvents are present? (c) If the test does not signal, what is the probability that chlorinated compounds are present? Note: Use the notations in the brackets to describe the events.
The U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, reported that 77% of all fatally injured automobile drivers were intoxicated. A random sample of 31 records of automobile driver fatalities in Kit Carson County, Colorado, showed that 17 involved an intoxicated driver. Do these data indicate that the population proportion of driver fatalities related to alcohol is less than 77% in Kit Carson County? Use α = 0.01. Solve the problem using both the traditional method and the P-value method. Since the sampling distribution of p̂ is the normal distribution, you can use critical values from the standard normal distribution as shown in the table of critical values of the z distribution. (Round the test statistic and the critical value to two decimal places. Round the P-value to four decimal places.) Solve all parts of the question. test statistic = critical value = P-value =

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