The table below lists data used in obtaining a mix design for an asphalt concrete paving mixture. If the maximum and actual specific gravities of the mixture are 2.41 and 2.35, respectively, determine: • Buik specific gravity of aggregate • The absorbed asphalt • The effective asphalt • The percent of voids in mineral aggregate (V.M.A) • The percent of voids filled with asphalt (V.F.A) Material Asphalt cement Coarse aggregate Fine aggregate Specific gravity 1.02 Mix proportion 6.40 2.510 52.35 2.740 2.690 33.45 Mineral filler 7.80

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Asphalt Binders and Mixtures

Asphalt binders are subsidiary products procured during the refining process of petroleum while manufacturing gasoline, diesel, and similar petroleum products. Asphalt binders are obtained from the residue that remains after the distillation of petroleum, this residue is further subjected to steam distillation and oxidation to remove the traces of gas oil present in the residue. Certain additives or modifiers are also added to asphalt binders to alter them to suit different applications.