The table below indicates the numbers of students passed and failed by three instructors: Mr. X, Mr. Y, and Mr. Z. A test is to be performed concerning the hypothesis that the proportions of students failed by the three instructors are equal.   Passed Failed TOTAL Mr. X 50 5 55 Mr. Y 47 14 61 Mr. Z 56 8 64 TOTAL 153 27 180   What is the test statistic (Chi-square) value for the test? a. 4.84 b. 6.67 c. 11.86 d. 30.00 e. 25.12

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A: 317 330 325 323 332 337 324 342 330 349 335 333 x¯ = 331.4166667

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Estimation

A new framework of data analysis where the new statistical methods are used for interpreting the results and analyzing the data is known as estimation in statistics.