The rigid horizontal slab is attached to two identical copper rods. There is a gap Δ = 6.18 mm between the middle bar, which is made of aluminum, and the slab. Neglecting the mass of the slab, calculate the stress in each rod when the temperature in the assembly is increased by 81°C. Use the following data:

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Methods to Determine Vertical Stress

The load applied to the soil is transferred to the underground. The presence of water at soil pores and solid grains above the soil are the primary components that are responsible for the effective load transfer. Due to the load acting, the internal component of the soil or the underground formations undergoes deformations or a tectonic shift. The amount of deformation depends upon the amount of load acting on the soil surface, which indeed, depends on the weight of everything present above the soil. Due to this, the underground soil element develops internal stresses which try to resist the tectonic changes.