The results of a tracer study at a beach yielded an estimated average linear velocity of the groundwater of 3.4E-1 m/d. Laboratory studies were used to determine a porosity of 3.3E-1 and a hydraulic conductivity of 4.21E-4 m/s for the sand. Determine the hydraulic gradient of the groundwater. Your answer should be a negative value. (Report your answer to 3 significant digits.)

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Laboratory Determination of Hydraulic Conductivity

Hydraulic conductivity is the measure of flowability of water inside the soil in the presence of a hydraulic gradient. The hydraulic gradient is defined as the difference in the water heads in the soil, which induces a water motion. In simple terms, a hydraulic gradient is the presence of a potential that induces a flow of water.