The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is a multi-organ regulator of blood volume nd systemic vascular resistance responsible for more chronic alterations. Give a clear, nnotated chart that relates the organs, hormones, enzymes, and functions involved in the ystem.
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- A 30-year-old female patient with uncontrolled hypertension is suspected by an investi- gating endocrinologist of having Conn's syndrome. Results of routine biochemistry were (reference ranges are given in brackets): Sodium Potassium Urea Creatinine Alkaline phosphatase Alanine aminotransferase Albumin Bilirubin Calcium 146 mmol/L 2.1 mmol/L 7.2 mmol/L 146 μmol/L 290 IU/L 20 IU/L 49 g/L 8 μmol/L 2.19 mmol/L (135-145) (3.5-5.0) (3.5-6.6) (70-150) (95-320) (5-42) (35-50) (<17) (2.12-2.62) (a) Are any of the electrolyte concentrations abnormal, and if so what condition is suggested? (b) What further biochemistry investigations would you undertake? Explain your reasoning.Use the word bank below to fill-out the table summarizing blood pressure control: Baroreflex Aldosterone Autoregulation Angiogenesis Medullary ischemic response Anti-diuretic hormone Atrial natriuretic peptide Reactive hyperemia Chemoreflex Vasoactive chemicals Angiotensin II Epinephrine & norepinephrine Type of blood pressure control: Examples: Specific way it controls blood pressure: Local: if tissue is inadequately perfused, wastes accumulate stimulating vasodilation which increases perfusion if blood supply cut off then restored, flow increases above normal substances such as histamine, bradykinin, and prostaglandins that stimulate vasomotion growth of new blood vessels Neural: blood pressure changes detected by carotid sinuses results in changes in heart rate and cardiac output (sympathetic control) Receptors in aortic and carotid bodies detect changes in blood pH, and alter heart and breathing rates to correct blood oxygenation levels. Vasomotion can also be altered. Automatic…Aldosine: A drug that inhibits production of angiotensinogen from the liver Aldoramine: A drug that inhibits sodium/iodine cotransporter Thyromine: A drug that stimulates thyroglobulin production Please Identify the drug(s) that would be successful in treating hypothyroidism, and explain why and how they would be successful?
- Why is too much Na intake prohibited for people with known heart disease? Please explain in-detailed.Mr. Jones’ serum creatinine is 1.4 mg/dL at 1 month after discharge. At what point would you consider restarting the ACE inhibitor? Justify the use of ACE inhibitors in patients with chronic kidney disease.Explain in details pertaining to blood pressure hormonal control.
- JH was diagnosed with hyperkalemia and ordered IV fluids. The IV fluids she was given contained calcium gluconate and insulin. Her potassium levels were monitored over a 24-hour period and were as summarized in Table 2. Table 2. JH potassium concentrations post-IV fluids (blood). Time (hours) Measured plasma K+ (in mM) 0 8.0 3 7.1 6 6.4 9 5.9 12 5.6 15 5.3 18 5.1 21 5.0 24 5.0 Using Table 2, which shows the patient’s plasma K+ concentrations over a 24-hour period, graph the changes of K+ over time. Make sure to include an appropriate figure caption to explain what you have observed and follow scientific best practices for creating your graph. Based on the data provided to you within this case, postulate as to why JH experienced more cardiac vs neuronal symptoms.Describe how the endocrine system and renal system integrate to restore homeostasis in an individual who has donated whole bloodColin who is 78 years old has been admitted to a ward where you are working, with acute bacterial meningitis. The duty doctor wants to treat with meropenem and she would like to know what dose to treat with. In Colin’s notes you see that he has a history of kidney injury, you have his weight which is 49kg and his serum creatinine is 157micromol/L. What is Colin’s estimated creatinine clearance? 2. What is the maximum daily dose (in grams) of meropenem that Colin will receive?
- Colin who is 78 years old has been admitted to a ward where you are working, with acute bacterial meningitis. The duty doctor wants to treat with meropenem and she would like to know what dose to treat with. In Colin’s notes you see that he has a history of kidney injury, you have his weight which is 49kg and his serum creatinine is 157micromol/L. What is Colin’s estimated creatinine clearance? X([140-age] × weight in kg)/(serum creatinine IN micromol/L Where X =1.04 for female and X= 1.23 for male 2. What is the maximum daily dose (in grams) of meropenem that Colin will receive?Erthy is given an intravenous antibiotic (gentamicin) at a dose of 7 mg/kg per day for a period of 7 days. This dose will be assessed after a week and adjusted accordingly. The gentamicin will be administered in 87 mL of Normal Saline (NS) over a time period of 20 minutes. Please answer the following questions: How much will Erthy be getting per day in mg based on this order? How much volume of the gentamicin (in mL) should be added to the IV bag; the concentration of gentamicin is 10 mg per mL. By including the volume of the gentamicin solution added to the IV bag (i.e. the volume of the bag will be 87 mL plus the volume of the gentamicin solution), calculate the IV flow rate for this infusion in both mL/min and mL/hr.Does diet affect high blood pressure? If so, how? How might a patient lower his or her blood pressure by other nonpharmacological means?please cite information.