Chemistry
10th Edition
ISBN:9781305957404
Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Chapter1: Chemical Foundations
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...
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Concept explainers
Reactions of Ethers
Ethers (R-O-R’) are compounds formed by replacing hydrogen atoms of an alcohol (R-OH compound) or a phenol (C6H5OH) by an aryl/ acyl group (functional group after removing single hydrogen from an aromatic ring). In this section, reaction, preparation and behavior of ethers are discussed in the context of organic chemistry.
Epoxides
Epoxides are a special class of cyclic ethers which are an important functional group in organic chemistry and generate reactive centers due to their unusual high reactivity. Due to their high reactivity, epoxides are considered to be toxic and mutagenic.
Williamson Ether Synthesis
An organic reaction in which an organohalide and a deprotonated alcohol forms ether is known as Williamson ether synthesis. Alexander Williamson developed the Williamson ether synthesis in 1850. The formation of ether in this synthesis is an SN2 reaction.
Question
Draw the products for both reactions.
![**Chapter: Organic Chemistry - Reaction Mechanisms and Stereochemistry**
---
**Section: Reaction Products and Stereochemistry Analysis**
**Objective:**
Draw the products of the following reactions and explain the stereochemistry of the products (major product only).
### Example Problem:
**Given Reaction:**
1. **Reaction a):**
- Reactants: Cyclohexene with a methyl group (HC₃) and H-Cl.
- **Reaction:**
\[
\text{Cyclohexene (with a methyl group)} \mathrel{} + \mathrel{\text{H-Cl}} \rightarrow \text{Products}
\]
- **Products:**
The attack of H⁺ and Cl⁻ on the double bond leads to the formation of different stereoisomers.
- **Product A:** Major product shows the addition of hydrogen on one carbon and chlorine on the adjacent carbon, with configurations leading to stereoisomers.
- **Product B, C, and D:** Minor stereoisomers involving the addition of the same groups (H and Cl) but with varying spatial orientations.
2. **Reaction b):**
- Reactants: A cyclic compound with two methyl groups and \(\text{H}_2\text{SO}_4 \) (sulfuric acid).
- **Reaction:**
\[
\text{Cyclohexene (with two methyl groups)} + \mathrel{\text{H}_2\text{SO}_4}} \rightleftharpoons \text{Products}
\]
- **Products:**
The reaction involves the protonation of a double bond followed by the nucleophilic attack.
- **Product A:** The major product illustrates the addition of a hydrogen group and the sulfate group with certain steric orientations.
### Diagrams and Schematics:
- **Diagram for Reaction a):**
- A schematic representation showing the reaction mechanism and the formation of various stereoisomers (A, B, C, and D). Each isomer is uniquely presented with proper notation for stereochemistry.
- **Diagram for Reaction b):**
- The reaction mechanism depicts the stepwise addition of \(\text{H}_2\text{SO}_4 \). Product A illustrates the final product after the nucleophilic attack, with detailed stereochemistry.
**Note:**
- Be sure to consider both regioselectivity and stere](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F1e08f424-16ff-4515-b785-4dbb9ddca6ee%2Fa627731c-35e2-4cd6-ae80-556c754bf2b3%2Fj67iczw_processed.png&w=3840&q=75)
Transcribed Image Text:**Chapter: Organic Chemistry - Reaction Mechanisms and Stereochemistry**
---
**Section: Reaction Products and Stereochemistry Analysis**
**Objective:**
Draw the products of the following reactions and explain the stereochemistry of the products (major product only).
### Example Problem:
**Given Reaction:**
1. **Reaction a):**
- Reactants: Cyclohexene with a methyl group (HC₃) and H-Cl.
- **Reaction:**
\[
\text{Cyclohexene (with a methyl group)} \mathrel{} + \mathrel{\text{H-Cl}} \rightarrow \text{Products}
\]
- **Products:**
The attack of H⁺ and Cl⁻ on the double bond leads to the formation of different stereoisomers.
- **Product A:** Major product shows the addition of hydrogen on one carbon and chlorine on the adjacent carbon, with configurations leading to stereoisomers.
- **Product B, C, and D:** Minor stereoisomers involving the addition of the same groups (H and Cl) but with varying spatial orientations.
2. **Reaction b):**
- Reactants: A cyclic compound with two methyl groups and \(\text{H}_2\text{SO}_4 \) (sulfuric acid).
- **Reaction:**
\[
\text{Cyclohexene (with two methyl groups)} + \mathrel{\text{H}_2\text{SO}_4}} \rightleftharpoons \text{Products}
\]
- **Products:**
The reaction involves the protonation of a double bond followed by the nucleophilic attack.
- **Product A:** The major product illustrates the addition of a hydrogen group and the sulfate group with certain steric orientations.
### Diagrams and Schematics:
- **Diagram for Reaction a):**
- A schematic representation showing the reaction mechanism and the formation of various stereoisomers (A, B, C, and D). Each isomer is uniquely presented with proper notation for stereochemistry.
- **Diagram for Reaction b):**
- The reaction mechanism depicts the stepwise addition of \(\text{H}_2\text{SO}_4 \). Product A illustrates the final product after the nucleophilic attack, with detailed stereochemistry.
**Note:**
- Be sure to consider both regioselectivity and stere
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