The outer surface of a steel alloy is to be hardened by increasing its carbon content. The carbon is to be supplied from an external carbon-rich atmosphere, which is maintained at an elevated temperature. A diffusion heat treatment at 837°C for 11 min increases the carbon concentration to 0.79 wt% at a position 1.9 mm below the surface. Estimate the diffusion time required at 680°C to achieve this same concentration also at a 1.9 mm position. Assume that the surface carbon content is the same for both heat treatments, which is maintained constant. The preexponential and activation energy values for the diffusion of carbon in the iron are 8.1 x 10-8 m²/s and 75.9 kJ/mol, respectively. i min

The outer surface of a steel alloy is to be hardened by increasing its carbon content. The carbon is to be supplied from an external carbon-rich atmosphere, which is maintained at an elevated temperature. A diffusion heat treatment at 837°C for 11 min increases the carbon concentration to 0.79 wt% at a position 1.9 mm below the surface. Estimate the diffusion time required at 680°C to achieve this same concentration also at a 1.9 mm position. Assume that the surface carbon content is the same for both heat treatments, which is maintained constant. The preexponential and activation energy values for the diffusion of carbon in the iron are 8.1 x 10-8 m²/s and 75.9 kJ/mol, respectively. i min

Elements Of Electromagnetics

7th Edition

ISBN:9780190698614

Author:Sadiku, Matthew N. O.

Publisher:Sadiku, Matthew N. O.

ChapterMA: Math Assessment

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1.1MA

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Concept explainers

Atomic diffusion in solids

In material science, diffusion can take place in solid, liquid, and gases. In solids, atomic diffusion can take place with the help of thermally activated and randomly vibrating atoms. The atomic diffusion in solids is complex and very slow in comparison to atomic diffusion in liquids and gases because the interatomic distance between the atoms is smaller in solids as compared to liquids and gases.

Question

The outer surface of a steel alloy is to be hardened by increasing its carbon content. The carbon is to be supplied from an external carbon-rich atmosphere, which is maintained at an elevated temperature. A diffusion heat treatment at 837°C for 11 min increases the carbon concentration to 0.79 wt% at a position 1.9 mm below the surface. Estimate the diffusion time required at 680°C to achieve this same concentration also at a 1.9 mm position. Assume that the surface carbon content is the same for both heat treatments, which is maintained constant. The preexponential and activation energy values for the diffusion of carbon in the iron are 8.1 × 10^-8 m²/s and 75.9 kJ/mol, respectively.

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