Chemistry
10th Edition
ISBN:9781305957404
Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Chapter1: Chemical Foundations
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...
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States of Matter
The substance that constitutes everything in the universe is known as matter. Matter comprises atoms which in turn are composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons. Different atoms combine together to give rise to molecules that act as a foundation for all kinds of substances. There are five states of matter based on their energies of attraction, namely solid, liquid, gases, plasma, and BEC (Bose-Einstein condensates).
Chemical Reactions and Equations
When a chemical species is transformed into another chemical species it is said to have undergone a chemical reaction. It consists of breaking existing bonds and forming new bonds by changing the position of electrons. These reactions are best explained using a chemical equation.
Question
The odour was Orang.
made of acetic acid and 1- octanol
Mass of acetic acid: 6.00 g
Mass of 1-octanol :6.51 g
Mass of the product 3.23 g
Transcribed Image Text:The product (crude ester)
Compound
(name or structure)
Mass (g)
8-12
Comment(s) about the yield of ester.
Fragrance Appearance
Calculations of the theoretical yield and the percent yield of the crude ester.
Theoretical
yield (g)
What could have been done to increase the yield of the ester?
Percent
yield (%)
Transcribed Image Text:Ester
(IUPAC name)
3-methylbutyl ethanoate
(isoamyl acetate)
ethyl butanoate
(ethyl butyrate)
pentyl butanoate
(pentyl butyrate)
octyl ethanoate
(octyl acetate)
R
Formula
OH
carboxylic acid
CH3COOCH₂CH₂CH(CH3)2
carboxylic acid
butyric acid
acetic acid
CH3CH₂CH₂COOCH₂CH3
CH3(CH₂)2COOCH₂(CH₂)3CH3
CH3COOCH₂(CH₂)<CH₂
+ R-OH
alcohol
Boiling
point
(°C)
142
limiting reagent
carboxylic acid
alcohol
120
cat. H₂SO4
180
211
In this experiment you will synthesize the ester of your choice from the table above. A general
description of the experiment is given. Before coming to the laboratory, calculate the masses of
your chosen reagents (alcohol and carboxylic acid). You will be asked to show your calculations to
your laboratory instructor for approval.
The following example will show you how to approach the problem. Assume that the ester of your
choice is hexyl propionate (hexyl propanoate). The alkyl group in the name, hexyl in this case,
indicates the alcohol (1-hexanol) from which the ester is made. The second word in the name,
propionate (propanoate), indicates the acid used; in this case propionic (propanoic) acid. Knowing
the reactants, the alcohol and the carboxylic acid, use the molar masses from the table of reagents
in the manual to calculate the masses required Far
R
Odour
ester
banana
pineapple
apricot
orange
1. Orange
2. I choose Acetic acid and 1-octanol
Colour
colourless
colourless
0.100.05
colourless
colourless
+ H₂O
molar ratio (carboxylic acid: alcohol)
0.05 0.10
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