The market demand for bicycle helmets is given by D(P) = 90−4P and the market supply ischaracterized by S(P) =P−10. In both expressions, P is the price per unit. The government introduces a per unit subsidy of S per helmet, that is paid out to the producer for each sale of helmets. (a) What is the equilibrium price and quantity before the government intervenes in the market? (b) What is the equilibrium price and quantity after the government intervenes in the marketimposing a per subsidy S >0? Hint: You have to find the equilibrium for all relevant levels of S. (c) Calculate changes in consumer surplus, producer surplus and welfare, as a function of subsidy S, due to the introduction of the subsidy. What welfare conclusion(s) do you draw? Illustrate graphically.

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Market Failure Analysis

To understand Market failure, we need to first understand welfare economics. An Italian economist, Vilfredo Pareto stated that allocation of resources in an efficient manner such that an economic change, which harms no one and makes someone better off, indicates an increase in social welfare. It is also called Pareto Optimality, where resources cannot further be reallocated without harming one. This does not apply to those economic changes, which harm some and benefit others. social welfare increases if the utility of any of its members' increases and none decrease in the economy.